(5011,'Cognitive distance','Cognitive distance is the difference in socially shared professional knowledge, taken-for-granted conventions about channel implementation, operations, and management.',10601),(5012,'Regulative distance','Regulative distance is the difference in how formal regulations are enacted and enforced on channel activities among institutions.',10601),(5013,'Market uncertainty','',10601),(5014,'Supplier firm size','',10601),(5015,'Buyer firm size','',10601),(5016,'Relationship length','',10601),(5017,'Industry 1 (furniture)','',10601),(5018,'Industry 2 (home appliance)','',10601),(5019,'Industry 3 (automotive)','',10601),(5020,'Location distance','',10601),(5021,'IOS size','Interorganizational systems size',10601),(5022,'IOS use frequency','',10601),(5023,'IOS Type 1 (sales and marketing)','',10601),(5024,'IOS Type 2 (order and inventory)','',10601),(5025,'IOS Type 3 (finance)','',10601),(5026,'IOS Type 4 (others)','',10601),(5027,'Perceived phishing threat','',10600),(5028,'Phishing detection efficacy','',10600),(5029,'Phishing anxiety','In the context of this study, we use the term “phishing anxiety” to refer to such an emotion or feeling regarding the risk of being victimized by phishing attacks.',10600),(5030,'Coping adaptiveness','',10600),(5031,'Detection effort','The outcome variables are individuals’ mental or cognitive effort expended in the detection task (referred to as detection effort).',10600),(5032,'Detection accuracy','The percentage of emails correctly recognized (referred to as detection accuracy).',10600),(5033,'Lack of identification','Lack of identification is the degree to which potential cyberbullies believe their personal identities will not be revealed by the social media system.',10599),(5034,'Diffused responsibility','Diffused responsibility is the degree to which potential cyberbullies believe they will not be held accountable for their cyberbullying on social media.',10599),(5035,'Lack of proximity','Lack of proximity is the extent to which potential cyberbullies believe others are not physically close enough to their computer to observe their cyberbullying.',10599),(5036,'Lack of knowledge of others','Lack of knowledge of others is the degree to which potential cyberbullies believe others in the social media system do not know them well enough to recognize them.',10599),(5037,'Confidence in the system to function','Confidence in the system to function is the degree to which potential cyberbullies have confidence that the social media system will not malfunction, involve secret monitoring, or have “back doors” that will reveal their identity against their wishes.',10599),(5038,'Hours per day on social media','',10599),(5039,'Cyberbullying anonymity','',10599),(5040,'Gender (female)','',10599),(5041,'Negative social influence','',10599),(5042,'Costs','',10599),(5043,'Benefits','',10599),(5044,'Neutralization','',10599),(5045,'Situational morality','',10599),(5046,'Cyberbullying frequency','',10599),(5047,'Gift reciprocity','The belief that current SNS gifting will lead to future gifts or returns to the giver.',10597),(5048,'Symbolic representation','The giver’s perception of the capability of SNS gifting to express and communicate symbolic messages to the recipient.',10597),(5049,'Pleasure','We define pleasure as the degree to which the giver feels good or happy by gifting through SNS.',10597),(5050,'Relationship support','For our study, we define relationship support as the giver’s perception of the capability of SNS gifting to help form, maintain, and enhance interpersonal relationships with others in the target SNS, adapted from previous research (Bowlby 1969).',10597),(5051,'Convenience of gift purchase','We define convenience of gift purchase as the perception of time and effort saved in the gift purchase procedure, i.e., from browsing to selecting and purchasing gifts, in the target SNS, adapting from Berry et al. (2002).',10597),(5052,'Immediacy of gift sending','We define immediacy of gift sending as the perceived lack of delay in sending gifts via SNS.',10597),(5053,'Impersonality','As a nonmonetary cost, we define impersonality as the degree to which a giver feels concerned about the lack of personal contact in gifting via SNS.',10597),(5054,'Perceived worth','Here, we define perceived worth as the giver’s perception of the net benefits (i.e., perceived benefit relative to perceived costs) of gifting through SNS for a prototypical gifting occasion, adapting from prior research (Kim and Gupta 2009).',10597),(5055,'Prior SNS gifting experience','',10597),(5056,'Number of SNS friends','',10597),(5057,'Frequency of SNS gifting','',10597),(5058,'Age','',10597),(5059,'Gender','',10597),(5060,'Tenure of SNS use','',10597),(5061,'Frequency of SNS use','',10597),(5062,'Perceived price','',10597),(5063,'Locational dispersion','The extent of physical distribution (as in number of sites) of the GDSD team members',10596),(5064,'Temporal dispersion','The extent of time differences that GDSD members have with their remote team members',10596),(5065,'Flexibility of work schedule','The extent of flexibility that GDSD members have in their ability to schedule their work times',10596),(5066,'Use of agile methodologies','The extent of use of agile methodologies by GDSD members',10596),(5067,'Supervisory support','The extent of support that GDSD members receive from their supervisor with respect to WLC',10596),(5068,'Organizational FFPs','The extent of family-friendly policies (FFPs) that their respective organizations offer to enable their well-being',10596),(5069,'Task dependency','The extent of task dependency that GDSD members have on (and with) remote team members',10596),(5070,'Requirements diversity','The extent to which users differ among themselves in their requirements',10596),(5071,'Technology diversity','The extent of diversity in the technical platforms used by GDSD members and their remote members',10596),(5072,'WLC','Work–life conflict that GDSD members experience',10596),(5073,'Turnover intentions','GDSD members’ intention to turnover (or leave their organization)',10596),(5074,'Performance','GDSD members’ performance in their project',10596),(5075,'Gender','',10596),(5076,'Care for dependents','',10596),(5077,'Experience in distributed software development','',10596),(5078,'Role','',10596),(5079,'Country','',10596),(5080,'Requirements instability','The extent of changes in user requirements',10596),(5081,'Intellectual alignment','The state in which a set of interrelated IT and business strategies exists',10595),(5082,'Social alignment','The state in which business and IT executives within an organizational unit mutually understand and are jointly committed to each other’s mission, objectives, and plans',10595),(5083,'Inertia','Firms’ tendency to maintain stability of their organizational arrangements such as strategy and structure in spite of environmental change',10595),(5084,'Emergent coordination','The contextualized process of input regulation and interaction articulation to realize a collective performance based on informal communication and mechanisms',10595),(5085,'Agility','A firmwide capability to sense and respond effectively to market opportunities and threats',10595),(5086,'Satisfaction with process','',10459),(5087,'Positive socio-emotional communication','',10459),(5088,'Task-oriented communication','',10459),(5089,'Negative socio-emotional communication','',10459),(5090,'Computer-mediated communication','COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (CMCS) ARE COMPUTER-BASED systems that enable entry, storage, processing, distribution, and reception of digitized information [38].',10459),(5091,'Computer Self-Efficacy','Self-efficacy reflects an individual\'s beliefs about his or her capabilities to use comput',10543),(5092,'Outcome Expectation (Performance)','Outcome expectations, defined as the perceived likely consequences of using computers, has two dimensions. Performance-related outcomes are those associated with improvements in job performance (efficiency and effectiveness) associated with using computers.',10543),(5093,'Outcome Expectations (Personal)','Outcome expectations, defined as the perceived likely consequences of using computers, has two dimensions. Personal outcome expectations relate to expectations of change in image or status or to expectations of rewards, such as promotions, raises, or praise.',10543),(5094,'Affect','Affect represents the positive side-the enjoyment a person derives from using computers-while anxiety represents the negative side-the feelings of apprehension or anxiety that one experiences when using computers.',10543),(5095,'Anxiety','',10543),(5096,'Usage','Use represents the degree of use of computers at work and at home.',10543),(5097,'Human-Like Trust','Researchers usually measure trust between people by using three human-like trusting beliefs: integrity, competence, and benevolence.',10287),(5098,'System-Like Trust','We adopt McKnight et al.’s (2011) conceptualization of system-like trust in a technology’s reliability, functionality, and helpfulness to measure trust in technology because these three attributes were directly derived from, and are corollaries to, the human-like trust attributes of integrity, competence, and benevolence.',10287),(5099,'Competence','the belief that the trustee has the ability to do what the trustor needs to have done',10287),(5100,'Benevolence','the belief that the trustee will want to do good to the trustor, aside from an egocentric profit motive',10287),(5101,'Integrity','the belief that a trustee adheres to a set of principles that the trustor finds acceptable',10287),(5102,'Functionality','the belief that the specific technology has the capability, functions, or features to do for one what one needs to be done',10287),(5103,'Helpfulness','the belief that the specific technology provides adequate and responsive help for users',10287),(5104,'Reliability','the belief that the specific technology will consistently operate properly',10287),(5105,'Usefulness','Usefulness and enjoyment represent general behavioral beliefs because they relate to whether using the technology (the behavior) is useful and enjoyable.',10287),(5106,'Enjoyment','Usefulness and enjoyment represent general behavioral beliefs because they relate to whether using the technology (the behavior) is useful and enjoyable.',10287),(5107,'Trusting Intention','Trusting intention is an object-oriented attitude because it reflects an evaluative response to these technology attributes.',10287),(5108,'Continuance Intention','behavioral intent to continue using an IT over a longer-term usage period',10287),(5109,'Age','',10287),(5110,'Gender','',10287),(5111,'Experience','',10287),(5112,'Disposition to trust','',10287),(5113,'Cloud Technological Capability','Cloud Technological Capability (CTC) is a basic operant resource because it acts on the operand resource of cloud technology, and it is not comprised of other operant resources. We define it as the capacity of a firm to deploy cloud-based platforms that are available on-demand via the Internet to serve consumers via pooling of resources in a manner that is scalable and measurable. This capability is formative and encapsulates essential characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. This capability reflects the quality of the cloud infrastructure for how stable, scalable, and extensible it is.',10357),(5114,'Cloud Service Portfolio Capability','Cloud Service Portfolio Capability (CSPC) is defined as a composite operant resource - Cloud Service Offerings Capability (CSOC) and Cloud Market Offerings Capability (CMOC) together form CSPC.\r\n\r\n* Cloud Market Offerings Capability (CMOC), a basic operant resource: the firm’s capability to align its cloud services with its providers’ external offerings. \r\n\r\n* Cloud Service Offerings Capability (CSOC) -  basic operant resource: committing resources dynamically according to business needs and providing ondemand access to configurable IT resources',10357),(5115,'Cloud Integration Capability','Cloud Integration Capability (CIC) is defined as the ability of a firm to maintain consistency between its cloud-enabled functionality and data, and legacy system functionality and data. It represents the degree to which a firm’s cloud-based functionality and data are synchronized and integrated consistent with its legacy IT systems.',10357),(5116,'Business Flexibility','Business Flexibility (BusFlex) is the ability of a firm to quickly deal with business environment changes. By enabling alignment with processes, BusFlex acts as a mediator that funnels the effects of Cloud Integration Capability (CIC) and Cloud Service Portfolio Capability (CSPC) to Firm Performance (FirmPerf).',10357),(5117,'Firm Performance','Firm Performance is multidimensional, comprising financial and market performance, and organizational effectiveness.\r\n\r\nNote:  Similar to prior firm-level IS research, subjective measures were used for firm performance as senior managers have reasonable information and perspective of firm performance, and differences in accounting conventions and practices can confound comparisons of financial metrics, particularly in emerging markets such as India where accounting procedures are less developed.',10357),(5118,'Perceived Learning Benefits','Perceived learning benefits refer to expected knowledge or organizational know-how obtained from consortium participation.',10388),(5119,'Perceived Social Capital Benefits','Perceived social capital benefits measure expected resources obtained by establishing institutionalized relationships with other consortia members.',10388),(5120,'Perceived Standard Benefits','Perceived standard benefits are the direct benefits member firms expect to receive, as their goal is to have a successful collective action that delivers the standards.',10388),(5121,'Perceived Process Benefits','Perceived process benefits are the by-product of the collective action, and they complement standard benefits in motivating participants’ resource contribution.',10388),(5122,'Technical Resources','Technical resources are defined as a firm’s expertise in consortium-based standardization.\r\n\r\nFirms’ technical resources are their capability related to e-business standards and they are critical for firms to be able to engage in development activities and influence the standard-setting process.',10388),(5123,'Consortium Management','Consortium management effectiveness concerns how effectively the consortium coordinates standard development activities.',10388),(5124,'Firm Contribution','Firm contribution level measures firms’ resource investment in the consortium, including their participation in various consortium activities (e.g., new requirement proposal, work group meetings, testing, voting, and feedback provision) as well as their promotion of the consortium and its standard.',10388),(5125,'Firm Size','Firm size:  annual sales are used as a proxy for firm size',10388),(5126,'Firm History','Firm history is measured by the number of years of a firm’s participation in the consortium/consortium history.',10388),(5127,'Consortium Size','Consortium size is measured by the number of consortium members.',10388),(5128,'Consortium History','Consortium history refers to years since the consortium inception.',10388),(5129,'Industry Concentration','Industry concentration ratio, a proxy for competitiveness, was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.',10388),(5130,'Industry IT Intensity','Industry IT intensity was calculated as “a percentage of total tangible wealth” , with data provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s 2006 “Tangible Wealth Survey.”',10388),(5131,'Institutionalize processes for monitoring EA standards','= Institutionalize Processes for Monitoring EA Standards Setting and Conformance\r\n\r\nInstitutionalize monitoring processes for EA standards: This category of IT governance mechanisms describes processes organizations use to monitor the setting of and conformance to EA standards.',10387),(5132,'Centralize IT infrastructure management','Centralize IT decision making: In line with prior literature, we examine how the centralization of IT decision making would affect the use of EA standards in organizations.',10387),(5133,'Define key architecture roles','Define key architecture roles: The most costly and effective set of mechanisms for complex coordination include defining integrating managerial and architectural roles to govern the setting and use of EA standards.',10387),(5134,'Involve Stakeholders through liaison roles and direct communication','Institutionalize mechanisms to involve key stakeholders: Less costly mechanisms with less information processing capability include using liaison roles to act as boundary spanners and defining mechanisms to facilitate direct communication between business users and the architecture team.',10387),(5135,'Centralize IT application development','',10387),(5136,'EA standards for physical IT infrastructure','= EA standards for physical IT infrastructure management\r\n\r\nEA (Enterprise Architecture) standards for physical IT infrastructure management are used to standardize underlying technologies required to run business applications, such as computers, networks, routers, servers, peripherals, operating systems, database management systems, system services, and other assorted middleware used as a platform for the construction of application systems in an enterprise.',10387),(5137,'EA standards for human IT infrastructure','= EA standards for human IT infrastructure management\r\n\r\nEA (Enterprise Architecture) standards for human IT infrastructure management are used to manage the human IT resources, including organizational IT skills, expertise, competencies, and knowledge.',10387),(5138,'EA standards for integrating business applications','EA (Enterprise Architecture) standards for integrating business applications define strategic directions for managing the applications portfolio and technologies for integrating applications.',10387),(5139,'EA standards for data integration','= EA standards for enterprise data integration\r\n\r\nEA (Enterprise Architecture) standards for enterprise data integration highlight critical data elements and databases to be integrated across the organization and provide a definition of the data elements on which to focus.',10387),(5140,'Heterogeneity of physical IT infrastructure','Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which there was heterogeneity in the following components used across projects or lines of business: (1) hardware and network components, (2) middleware, and (3) tools.',10387),(5141,'Replication of IT infrastructure services','Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which multiple groups in different business units provided similar services in: (1) security, disaster planning, and business recovery services; (2) managing electronic linkages to suppliers or customers; and (3) infrastructure services (supporting hardware and middleware).',10387),(5142,'Business applications integration','Respondents were asked what percentage of the key application systems supporting the core business processes were integrated by a common middleware approach (e.g., using “integration bus/hub” or synchronous/asynchronous messaging). This implies that we are only examining application integration among the core applications of the enterprise. We also asked respondents the extent to which functional boundaries of individual applications and components have been clearly defined.',10387),(5143,'Enterprise data integration','Key measures with an enterprise focus that were most relevant to the study: (1) whether the respondent organization had formally and sufficiently identified data to be shared across lines of business, (2) whether the customer entity was perceived and interpreted in a common fashion by all systems and lines of business, (3) whether key business performance indicators extracted from IT systems were readily available to decision makers who required the information, and (4) the percentage of data that the organization would like to share across lines of business that was currently sharable. This set of questions\r\nincorporates the idea that the key to enterprise data integration is not to share all data but to identify the right set of data and enable it to be effectively shared across the enterprise.',10387),(5144,'Top management support','Top management support is important for the use of EA standards, due to its role in facilitating the mobilization of resources and its positive influence on users’ attitudes toward using and conforming to EA standards.',10387),(5145,'Banking and insurance industry','',10387),(5146,'Years of architecture experience','an organization’s years of architecture experience',10387),(5147,'Problems with legacy systems','Legacy systems often pose significant problems to organizations in their technology planning and systems integration process. Given that organizations usually cannot afford to throw out their legacy systems and that legacy systems significantly restrict the standards that can be introduced and adopted, legacy systems pose a significant challenge to the ability of organizations to use EA standards effectively.',10387),(5148,'Importance of EA objective','emphasis on different architecture objectives and areas of strategic focus',10387),(5149,'Design expectations fit','the fit between the design of the technology and the expected task',10286),(5150,'Design aesthetics','Design aesthetics refers to the appropriateness and professionalism of the user interface.',10286),(5151,'Perceived ease of use','Perceived ease of use is defined as the degree to which the user perceives that using the system will be free of effort.',10286),(5152,'Enjoyent disconfirmation','Most studies using an expectancy-confirmation or expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm posit that an individual’s expectations largely determine the overall satisfaction with a given object, person, service, or product. \r\n“Expectations” refers to one’s beliefs about future events. By nature, the human mind projects and considers future scenarios to anticipate required actions, for both survival and social acceptance. “Disconfirmation” is the extent to which an event is evaluated as either exceeding or falling short of expectations.',10286),(5153,'Enjoyment(t1)','',10286),(5154,'Enjoyment(t2)','',10286),(5155,'Attitude(t1)','',10286),(5156,'Attitude(t2)','',10286),(5157,'Satisfaction','',10286),(5158,'Intention to continue','',10286),(5159,'Age','',10286),(5160,'Education level','',10286),(5161,'Computer experience','',10286),(5162,'Gender','',10286),(5165,'Learning(t1)','',10286),(5166,'Learning(t2)','',10286),(5167,'Usefulness(t1)','',10286),(5168,'Usefulness(t2)','',10286),(5169,'Performance(secondary)','Regardless of the motivation context, we used the other two performance belief (PB) measures outside of the context as rival predictors of intention and attitude (we refer to these as PB-secondary and PB-tertiary in the operational model). For example, in the hedonic context, we used not only enjoyment as the main PB variable but also learning and usefulness as rival predictors. We added these rival predictors to explore the possibility that PBs outside of the baseline expectations might also affect attitudes and continuance.',10286),(5170,'Performance(tertiary)','Regardless of the motivation context, we used the other two performance belief (PB) measures outside of the context as rival predictors of intention and attitude (we refer to these as PB-secondary and PB-tertiary in the operational model). For example, in the hedonic context, we used not only enjoyment as the main PB variable but also learning and usefulness as rival predictors. We added these rival predictors to explore the possibility that PBs outside of the baseline expectations might also affect attitudes and continuance.',10286),(5171,'Learning disconfirmation','',10286),(5172,'Usefulness disconfirmation','',10286),(5173,'IT Feature Use Intercept','Initial level of ITFU',10284),(5174,'IT Feature Use Slope','Growth rate in ITFU',10284),(5175,'Perceived Usefulness Intercept','Initial level of PU',10284),(5176,'Perceived Usefulness Slope','Growth rate in PU',10284),(5177,'EIntercept','Initial status',10284),(5178,'ESlope','Growth',10284),(5179,'Task Performance','',10284),(5180,'Awareness of members\' skills','An acknowledgement of other members’ task-related expertise by an individual member.',10283),(5181,'Perception of shared governance','The perceived commonality of a member with respect to the governance rules to which members are subject.',10283),(5182,'Perceived task cohesion','Team members’ attraction to the team because of shared commitment to the team task',10283),(5183,'Team size','',10283),(5184,'Team performance','The final results after completing the team task.',10283),(5185,'Satisfaction toward team members','The affective responses of a member to the member’s relationship with other team members.',10283),(5186,'Propensity to reunite with team members','The tendency of a member to collaborate with previous teammates on a different task after the current team disbands.',10283),(5187,'Age','',10283),(5188,'Income','',10283),(5189,'Education','',10283),(5190,'Explicit knowledge use','Degree to which a knowledge worker believes he or she has incorporated procedures for the capture and use of knowledge of various types into decision-making activities, routine and otherwise.',10326),(5191,'Perceived usefulness of knowledge sharing','Subjective evaluation of the extent to which the person believes that contributing to and using available and knowledge-sharing capabilities existing within the organization improve his or her job performance, productivity, effectiveness, ease of doing the job, and so on.',10326),(5192,'User satisfaction','Subjective evaluation of the various outcomes due to the knowledge sharing/retrieval capabilities existing within the organization, including ease of getting the information/ knowledge needed, satisfaction with the access to knowledge, adequacy of the information/knowledge to\r\nmeet one’s needs.',10326),(5193,'Knowledge content quality','Quality of knowledge of various kinds, including its\r\nrelevance, accuracy, timeliness, applicability, comprehensibility, presentation formats, extent of insight, availability of expertise and advice, and so on.',10326),(5194,'KM system','Any system that automates the input, storage, transfer, and retrieval of knowledge. These may include contextual taxonomy for knowledge (meta knowledge), systems for capturing various types of knowledge from useful lessons learned, systems for classifying knowledge documents, systems for locating the relevant experts, technology to facilitate sharing of expertise (groupware, video- conferencing, and so on), repositories for structured as well as unstructured information, and so on.',10326),(5195,'KM system quality','Quality of KM systems described above. Includes accessibility (from anywhere/anytime), ease of use for retrieval as well as input, output flexibility to meet the needs, search capability, documentation, and so on.',10326),(5196,'Organizational support: Supervisor','Supervisor and coworker support is a subjective measure of the extent of encouragement provided to and experienced by a knowledge worker in sharing/using solutions to work-related problems, openness of communication, opportunity for face-to-face and electronic meetings to share/use knowledge, and so on.',10326),(5197,'Organizational support: Coworker','Supervisor and coworker support is a subjective measure of the extent of encouragement provided to and experienced by a knowledge worker in sharing/using solutions to work-related problems, openness of communication, opportunity for face-to-face and electronic meetings to share/use knowledge, and so on.',10326),(5198,'Organizational support: Leadership','Leadership is a subjective measure of commitment to KM by the top levels of management, exhibited via understanding of the role of KM  in business, strategy, and goals set with respect to KM.',10326),(5199,'Organizational support: Incentive','Incentive refers to formal appraisal and recognition of efforts by knowledge workers for furthering knowledge sharing and reuse.',10326),(5200,'e-profile Use','Our e-profile is a technical intervention that can retain the underlying differences but help reduce conflict and, thus, make team members more receptive to viewpoints that differ from their own.',10282),(5201,'Relational Conflict','Relational conflict (also called affective or interpersonal conflict) represents personal disagreements between people and is characterized by anger and dislike.',10282),(5202,'Task Conflict','Task conflict (also referred to as cognitive conflict) refers to disagreements about the content of the task being performed.',10282),(5203,'Shared Understanding','Shared understanding is the extent to which team members have similar or overlapping beliefs about their tasks, objectives, and problem-solving approaches.',10282),(5204,'Team Effectiveness','Team effectiveness was then assessed according to how well teams followed the directive of balancing the interests of all parties and the extent to which they were able to reach consensus. We assessed team effectiveness as a function of both quality and quantity of task performance.',10282),(5205,'Public service','Belief in public service captures the perception that the profession is necessary and beneficial to society and organizations.',10281),(5206,'Self-regulation','Belief in self-regulation refers to the extent to which professionals believe peers are the most qualified personnel to monitor the quality of their professional work.',10281),(5207,'Sense of calling','Sense of calling to the profession refers to the extent to which the professional feels dedicated to the profession and would work in the profession even if there were fewer extrinsic rewards.',10281),(5208,'Professional autonomy','Professional autonomy refers to whether workers feel that they define and control the manner in which tasks are executed.',10281),(5209,'Identification with professional organizations','Identification with professional organizations (IPO) refers to the extent to which an individual identifies with the profession and uses peers and professional groups as a source of beliefs and opinions.',10281),(5210,'Professional reward system','Professional reward system refers to the professional’s perception that the organization emphasizes professional behavior, such as maintaining high-quality work and staying current in the field, when conducting performance evaluations.',10281),(5211,'Perceived job alternatives','Perceived job alternatives represent the IT professional’s belief that there are other positions readily available in the external job market.',10281),(5212,'Intrinsic motivation','Intrinsic motivation concerns the satisfaction or fulfillment that the professional receives from performing work well.',10281),(5213,'Motivating potential score','Notably, we leverage the motivating potential score (MPS) as a control on outcome variables.',10281),(5214,'Job satisfaction','Job satisfaction refers to “the emotional reactions of individuals to their jobs and their job experiences”.  Hackman and Oldham (1976) state that the MPS is intended to capture the influence of three experienced psychological states (meaningfulness to the work, responsibility for the work, and knowledge of the results) as a result of job design. The motivating potential score is calculated as follows: MPS = ((Skill Variety + Task Identity + Task Significance)/3) * Autonomy * Feedback',10281),(5215,'Affective commitment','Affective commitment measures the strength of an individual’s identification or involvement with an organization.',10281),(5216,'Turnover intention','Although actual turnover is often a strong positive correlate of turnover intention,  relatively few studies are able to test the link between IT worker turnover intention and actual turnover.  As a result, we include turnover intention as a direct behavioral antecedent predicting actual IT worker turnover.',10281),(5217,'Performance','',10281),(5218,'Turnover','',10281),(5220,'Self-Reflection Learning','Self-reﬂection learning is a learning process that involves constructing an understanding, reframing the situation, and developing new knowledge and skills for problem-solving.',10280),(5221,'Knowledge Sharing Efficacy','Knowledge sharing efficacy refers to one’s belief in one’s ability to provide valuable or useful knowledge to other VC members.',10280),(5222,'Solitary Playfulness','Koh and Kim (2003) found that enjoyability is an important driver of sense of virtual community, with the enjoyability of a VC comprising enjoyment or playfulness derived from browsing the community’s content (solitary playfulness) and interacting with other members (social playfulness).',10280),(5223,'Social Playfulness','Koh and Kim (2003) found that enjoyability is an important driver of sense of virtual community, with the enjoyability of a VC comprising enjoyment or playfulness derived from browsing the community’s content (solitary playfulness) and interacting with other members (social playfulness).',10280),(5224,'Self-Esteem Enhancement','Self-esteem enhancement refers to maintaining and enhancing positive self-views',10280),(5225,'Social-Enhancement','social enhancement refers to gaining the acceptance and approval of other members, and enhancing one’s social status in a VC',10280),(5226,'Enabling the Self','Enabling a sense of self-efficacy and allowing the pursuit and achievement of mastery goals',10280),(5227,'Gratifying the self','Providing sensory and aesthetic pleasure',10280),(5228,'Enriching the self','Representing internally one\'s coherent self and expressing externally one\'s current or desired self',10280),(5229,'Virtual Communities Attachment','Attachment to a VC (VC attachment) refers to the degree to which a member identifies with the VC to fulfill the member’s self-definitional needs and establishes an emotional bond with the VC.',10280),(5230,'Satisfaction','Satisfaction is an individual-based construct that reflects the positive emotional state resulting from the individual’s appraisal of the knowledge-sharing experience.',10280),(5231,'virtual community citizenship behavior directed toward the virtual community (VCCBC)','VCCBC refers to citizenship behaviors that would benefit a VC in general, such as demonstrating concerns about its image and expressing loyalty toward it.',10280),(5232,'virtual community citizenship behavior directed toward individuals (VCCBI)','VCCBI refers to citizenship behaviors that benefit individual VC members, such as helping other members solve their problems and showing courtesy toward other members.',10280),(5233,'Personal Innovativeness','Personal innovativeness is considered a reflective construct.',10341),(5234,'Web Experience','Web experience is considered a formative construct.',10341),(5235,'Web Site Quality','Perceived Web site quality reflects consumers’ overall perceptions of how well they think a Web site works and looks, particularly in comparison to other sites.',10341),(5236,'Brand Image','Brand image defines the set of negative or positive associations a consumer has with a brand.',10341),(5237,'Brand Awareness','Brand awareness is a consumer’s ability to identify a brand under different conditions. Brand awareness consists of brand recognition (a consumer’s ability to recognize that he or she has been previously exposed to the brand) and brand recall (the ability of a consumer to generate the brand from memory given a related cue, such as a product category).',10341),(5238,'Initial Trusting Beliefs - Benevolence','',10341),(5239,'Initial Trusting Beliefs - Integrity','',10341),(5240,'Initial Trusting Beliefs - Competence','',10341),(5241,'Initial Trusting Beliefs','Initial trust has been defined as the ability of the truster to believe and rely upon the trustee without any firsthand knowledge of the trustee.\r\n\r\nTrusting beliefs is defined in a Web context as a consumer’s believing that a Web site will act with benevolence, integrity, and competence toward the consumer.',10341),(5242,'Trusting Intentions - Depend','',10341),(5243,'Trusting Intentions - Follow Advice','',10341),(5244,'Trusting Intentions - Give Information','',10341),(5245,'Trusting Intentions - Make Purchase','',10341),(5246,'Initial Trusting Intentions','Initial trust has been defined as the ability of the truster to believe and rely upon the trustee without any firsthand knowledge of the trustee.\r\n\r\nTrusting intentions “means that the truster is securely willing to depend, or intends to depend, on the trustee”.',10341),(5247,'Disposition to Trust - Benevolence','',10341),(5248,'Disposition to Trust - Integrity','',10341),(5249,'Disposition to Trust - Competence','',10341),(5250,'Disposition to Trust - Trusting Stance','Trusting stance “means that, regardless of what one believes about peoples’ attributes, one assumes better outcomes result from dealing with people as though they are well meaning and reliable”.',10341),(5251,'Disposition to Trust','McKnight et al. define disposition to trust as “the extent to which a person displays a tendency to be willing to depend on others across a broad spectrum of situations and persons”.',10341),(5252,'Situational Normality  (general)','Situational normality, which “means one believes that the environment is in proper order and success is likely because the situation is normal or favorable”.',10341),(5253,'Situational Normality - Benevolence','',10341),(5254,'Situational Normality - Integrity','',10341),(5255,'Situational Normality - Competence','',10341),(5256,'Structural Assurance','Structural assurance “means one believes that structures like guarantees, regulations, promises, legal recourse, or other procedures are in place to promote success”.',10341),(5257,'Institution-based Trust','McKnight et al. define institution-based trust as “the belief that the needed structural conditions are present (e.g., in the Internet) to enhance the probability of achieving a successful outcome in an endeavor like e-commerce”.',10341),(5258,'Creativity','',10340),(5259,'Expertise integration','',10340),(5260,'Expertise heterogeneity','',10340),(5261,'Relational capital','',10340),(5262,'Absorptive capacity','',10340),(5263,'Technological Uncertainty','',10340),(5264,'Project Stage','',10340),(5265,'Navigational Structure','',10339),(5266,'Visual Appeal','',10339),(5267,'Ease of Use','',10339),(5268,'Culture Uncertainty Avoidance','',10339),(5269,'Trusting Beliefs in IT Artifact','',10339),(5270,'Institution-based trust','',10339),(5271,'Intention to use','',10339),(5272,'Humanoid Embodiment','',10338),(5273,'Output Modality','',10338),(5274,'Social Presence','',10338),(5275,'Trusting Beliefs','',10338),(5276,'Perceived Usefulness','',10338),(5277,'Perceived Enjoyment','',10338),(5278,'Usage Intentions','',10338),(5279,'IS Human Capital','',10337),(5280,'IT Infrastructure Flexibility','',10337),(5281,'IS Partnership Quality','',10337),(5282,'IS Capabilities','',10337),(5283,'IT Support for Core Competencies','',10337),(5284,'Control Variables','',10337),(5285,'Firm Performance','',10337),(5286,'Organization Age','',10337),(5287,'Organization Size','',10337),(5288,'Information Intensity','',10337),(5289,'Portal','',10336),(5290,'Customer Endorsement','',10336),(5291,'Trusting Beliefs','',10336),(5292,'Attitude','',10336),(5293,'Willingness to Buy','',10336),(5294,'Actual Buying Behavior','',10336),(5295,'Encouragement by Others','',10335),(5296,'Support','',10335),(5297,'Internet Self-Efficieny','',10335),(5298,'Outcome Expectations, Performance and Personal','',10335),(5299,'Anxiety','',10335),(5300,'Perceived User Competence','',10335),(5301,'Usage Intention','',10335),(5302,'Overall Technical Quality','',10334),(5303,'Reputation','',10334),(5304,'Expected Benefits','',10334),(5305,'Willingness to Pay','',10334),(5306,'Expected Average BID','',10334),(5307,'Interest','',10334),(5308,'Creative Articulation','',10333),(5309,'Realistic Understanding','',10333),(5310,'Experienced Tool Support','',10333),(5311,'Task Involvement','',10333),(5312,'Experienced Enjoyment','',10333),(5313,'Perceived Empowerment','',10333),(5314,'Product Involvement','',10333),(5315,'Trust','',10333),(5316,'Intention of future participation','',10333),(5317,'Training','',10332),(5318,'Trial','',10332),(5319,'Social Influence','',10332),(5320,'Actualized Benefits','',10332),(5321,'Trust in IT Service Provider','',10332),(5322,'Age','',10332),(5323,'Gender','',10332),(5324,'Work Experience','',10332),(5325,'IT Service Affiliate','',10332),(5326,'Complete','',10330),(5327,'Accuracy','',10330),(5328,'Format','',10330),(5329,'Currency','',10330),(5330,'Reliability','',10330),(5331,'Flexibility','',10330),(5332,'Accessibility','',10330),(5333,'Response Time','',10330),(5334,'Integration','',10330),(5335,'Information Quality','',10330),(5336,'Information Satisfaction','',10330),(5337,'System Quality','',10330),(5338,'System Satisfaction','',10330),(5339,'Infosat X Systems','',10330),(5340,'Perceived Usefulness','',10327),(5341,'Perceived ease of use','',10327),(5342,'Attitude toward using (A)','',10327),(5343,'Commitment to system use','',10327),(5344,'Behavioral Intention','',10327),(5345,'Risk Propensity','',10541),(5346,'Level of Sunk Cost','',10541),(5347,'Risk Perception','',10541),(5348,'Willingness to Continue a Project','',10541),(5349,'Curiosity','',10540),(5350,'Control','',10540),(5351,'Temporal Dissociation','',10540),(5352,'Focused Immersion','',10540),(5353,'Heightened Enjoyment','',10540),(5354,'Cognitive Absorption','',10540),(5355,'Playfulness','',10540),(5356,'Personal Innovativeness','',10540),(5357,'Self Efficacy','',10540),(5358,'Perceived Usefulness','',10540),(5359,'Perceived Ease of Use','',10540),(5360,'BI','',10540),(5361,'Media Condition','',10539),(5362,'Social Presence','',10539),(5363,'Task Participation','',10539),(5364,'Consensus','',10539),(5365,'Media Condition','',10539),(5366,'Group Cohesion','',10539),(5367,'Beliefs','',10537),(5368,'Participation','',10537),(5369,'SOP','',10537),(5370,'Liaison Roles','',10537),(5371,'Task Forces','',10537),(5372,'Oversight Teams','',10537),(5373,'Planning Processes','',10537),(5374,'New Opportunities','',10537),(5375,'ROI','',10537),(5376,'Cost Savings','',10537),(5377,'Top Management Championship','',10537),(5378,'Extent of Coordination','',10537),(5379,'Strategic Investment Rationale','',10537),(5380,'Web Experience','',10537),(5381,'Industry Type','',10537),(5382,'Organizational Age','',10537),(5383,'Web Assimilation','',10537),(5384,'Activities','',10537),(5385,'Strategies','',10537),(5392,'Negative Affect','',10536),(5393,'Trait Anxiety','',10536),(5394,'Computer Anxiety','',10536),(5395,'Personal Innovativeness in IT','',10536),(5396,'Computer Self- Efficacy','',10536),(5397,'Legibility','',10386),(5398,'Firmness','',10386),(5399,'Coherence','',10386),(5400,'Variety','',10386),(5401,'Mystery','',10386),(5402,'Classic Visual Aesthetics','',10386),(5403,'Expressive Visual Aesthetics','',10386),(5404,'Cognitive Appraisal','',10386),(5405,'Perceived Control','',10386),(5406,'Affective Appraisal','',10386),(5407,'Psychological Ownership','',10386),(5408,'Self-Investment','',10386),(5409,'Future Visit/Use Intention','',10386),(5410,'Attitude Toward Security Policy','',10385),(5411,'Relative Advantage for Job Performance','',10385),(5412,'Perceived Security Risk','',10385),(5413,'Perceived Sanctions','',10385),(5414,'Workgroup Norm','',10385),(5415,'Perceived Identity Match','',10385),(5416,'Attitude Toward NMSV','',10385),(5417,'NMSV Intention','',10385),(5418,'Age','',10385),(5419,'Gender','',10385),(5420,'Position','',10385),(5421,'Survey Method','',10385),(5422,'Scenario','',10385),(5423,'Intensity of organizational learning','',10384),(5424,'IT Infrastructure quality','',10384),(5425,'IT Business expertise','',10384),(5426,'Relationship Infrastructure','',10384),(5427,'Size','',10384),(5428,'Competitive Advantage','',10384),(5429,'Trust in technology (TIT)','',10383),(5430,'Trust in government (TGV)','',10383),(5431,'Trust in e-government Web site (TEG)','',10383),(5432,'Information quality (IQ)','',10383),(5433,'System quality (SQ)','',10383),(5434,'Service quality (SVQ)','',10383),(5435,'Satisfaction (SAT)','',10383),(5436,'Intention to continue using (CONT)','',10383),(5443,'Computer Self-Efficacy','',10379),(5444,'Web Experience','',10379),(5445,'Security Knowledge','',10379),(5446,'Deception Success','',10379),(5447,'Trust','',10379),(5448,'Risk','',10379),(5449,'Suspicion','',10379),(5450,'Product complexity','',10377),(5451,'Demand uncertainty','',10377),(5452,'Market fragmentation','',10377),(5453,'Market volatility','',10377),(5454,'Information sharing','',10377),(5455,'IOS integration','',10377),(5456,'Supplier dependence','',10377),(5457,'Firm dependence','',10377),(5458,'Frequency of Delivery','',10377),(5459,'Firm Size','',10377),(5460,'Communication Frequency','',10376),(5461,'Communication Channel Richness','',10376),(5462,'CEO/CIO Convergence on the Current Role of IT','',10376),(5463,'CEO/CIO Convergence on the future role of IT: Managerial Support','',10376),(5464,'CEO/CIO Convergence on the future role of IT: Differentiation','',10376),(5465,'CEO/CIO Convergence on the future role of IT: Enhancement','',10376),(5466,'IS Financial Contribution','',10376),(5467,'Business Risk','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5468,'Knowledge Creation','The supply chain partner’s absorptive capacity (with reference to Malhotra et al., 2005)',10667),(5469,'Operational Efficiency','Implicitly defined: Operational efficiency measures are associated with the physical movement and transfer of goods or services between supply chain trading partners (with reference to Malhotra et al., 2005)',10667),(5470,'Commitment','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5471,'Information Sharing','(not explicitly defined) (with reference to Malhotra et al., 2005)',10667),(5472,'Quality of Exchange','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5473,'Privileged information exchange','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5474,'Breadth of exchange','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5475,'Coordination information exchange','(not explicitly defined)',10667),(5476,'Cognitive absorption','The user’s holistic experience with an IT when the user acts with total involvement',10668),(5477,'Perceived utilitarian performance','The utilitarian performance of IT includes the aspect of perceived usefulness, which is a strong predictor of technology usage intention (Davis, 1989; van der Heijden, 2000; Venkatesh, 2000).',10668),(5478,'Expectation disconfirmation','The disconfirmation of expectations is described as the discrepancy or gap between prior expectations and actual performance of products/services.',10668),(5479,'Perceived hedonic performance','The hedonic performance is measured using perceived enjoyment in the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1992; Venkatesh, 2000).',10668),(5480,'Satisfaction','Satisfaction is the consumer’s fulfillment response.',10668),(5481,'Continuance intention','(not explicitly defined)',10668),(5482,'Visibility for Sensing','The extent to which a firm can acquire real-time external information and quickly recognize changes in the environment.',10669),(5483,'Visibility for Learning','The extent to which a firm can learn and gain new information and knowledge from its supply chain partners.',10669),(5484,'Visibility for Coordinating','(not explicitly defined)',10669),(5485,'Visibility for Integrating','(not explicitly defined)',10669),(5486,'Supply Chain Reconfigurability','Supply chain reconfigurability [...] is the ability to reconfigure resources with timeliness and efficiency in order to deploy a new configuration that matches the new environment.',10669),(5487,'Supply Chain Performance','(not explicitly defined)',10669),(5488,'Modeling Experience','(not explicitly defined, but based on analytical relations to measurement items)',10670),(5489,'Modeler Background','(not explicitly defined, but based on analytical relations to measurement items)',10670),(5490,'Grammar Familiarity','(not explicitly defined)',10670),(5491,'Perceived Ease of Use','Captures attitudes and beliefs about the effort that is needed to apply a grammar (Davis, 1989).',10670),(5492,'Perceived Usefulness','Captures performance beliefs (for instance, whether or not using a grammar improves the quality of the process modeling or the overall success of the initiative), and reflects expected effectiveness and efficiency gains (Davis, 1989).',10670),(5493,'Confirmation','Captures beliefs about the extent to which pre-usage expectations are positively (dis-) confirmed through actual usage experiences (Bhattacherjee, 2001).',10670),(5494,'Satisfaction','Can stem from positive usage beliefs (for instance, the PU and PEOU) and beliefs stemming from pre-usage periods (for instance, whether or not pre-usage expectations can be confirmed through usage experiences, see Bhattacherjee, 2001).',10670),(5495,'Intention to Continue to Use','(not explicitly defined, but reference to Bhattacherjee, 2001)',10670),(5496,'Relational Asset Specificity','',10369),(5497,'Relational Interaction Routines','',10369),(5498,'Long-Term Orientation','',10369),(5499,'Information Flow Integration for Supply Chain Coordination','',10369),(5500,'Size','',10369),(5501,'Consumer Demand Predictability','',10369),(5502,'Attitudes','a construct that predicts intention to engage in a behavior',10345),(5503,'Perceived Moral Obligations','The perceived moral obligations construct was measures feelings of guilt, principles, and moral wrongdoing from engaging in a behavior.',10345),(5504,'Subjective Norms','perceptions that important others would want the person to behavior in a certain way\r\n\r\nThis construct captures the peer group’s acceptance of an individual’s actions. In other words, it corresponds to the individual’s perception of social pressure.',10345),(5505,'Perceived Behavioral Control','Behavioral control corresponds to the ease or difficulty in performing the behavior, as well as the control over engaging in the behavior. When perceived behavioral control increases, the cognitive load to engage in that action decreases. Also, when an individual’s cognitive load increases, prior work has already shown that it decreases even the intention to engage in dishonest action.',10345),(5506,'Age','',10345),(5507,'Gender','',10345),(5508,'Frequency','',10345),(5509,'Intentions to Engage in Piracy','',10345),(5510,'Trust','Trust is an important factor affecting knowledge transfer in society. Without trust in those who impart knowledge, different kinds of knowledge, such as scientific and moral, cannot be properly acquired or distributed. Developing trust in both the technical aspects of the Internet and the human community is the first step needed for users to participate in a relationship via online transactions.\r\n\r\nTrust between two parties is composed of trust beliefs related with predictability in a trustor’s expectations about the trusted party’s behavior as well as confidence in such a party’s benevolence . Trust is based on the assumption that parties will mutually behave in a fair manner and will neither take advantage of nor harm each other, leading to a belief in the fair intentions and motives of both parties.',10344),(5511,'Trust in Bloggers','Trust in other bloggers indicates interpersonal trust.\r\n \r\nBloggers need to have a belief in other bloggers’ goodwill. To ensure fruitful knowledge exchanges online, they need to believe that other bloggers participating in knowledge transactions will not take advantage of them even though opportunities to do so may arise. Thus, trust among parties who participate in knowledge transactions is an important factor affecting knowledge transfer in society.',10344),(5512,'Trust in Blog Service Provider','On blogging Web sites, trust is usually built on the basis of the reliability of the information provider.\r\n\r\nInstitutional trust provides impersonal structures such as technical standards and technical mechanisms to both parties, thereby ensuring successful communication transactions [89]. If users feel assured about the success of their transactions based on situational cues such as an explicit privacy policy, third-party certification, and programs such as BBBOnline and e‑Trust, their trust in the e-vendor will increase.',10344),(5513,'Reciprocity','Reciprocity has been discussed as an important factor affecting knowledge sharing.  It is “a behavioral response to perceived kindness and unkindness, where kindness comprises both distributional fairness as well as fairness intentions”. From the knowledge-sharing perspective, reciprocity is a fair mutual knowledge exchange behavior; a reciprocal relationship is the degree to which an individual believes that he or she can improve mutual relationships with others through knowledge sharing.',10344),(5514,'Social Ties','Ties of social interaction are channels through which information and resources can flow.',10344),(5515,'Knowledge-Sharing Behaviors','',10344),(5516,'Information Privacy Concerns','We define online information privacy as controlled or restricted access to personal information in cyberspace.',10344),(5517,'Privacy Concerns on Internet','',10344),(5518,'Privacy Concerns on Blog','',10344),(5519,'Trust in Information','In blogging communities, trust is usually built on the basis of the reliability and validity of the information posted. Users’ beliefs about the trustworthiness of information and knowledge, which they obtain through other blog pages, also induce them to share their own knowledge.\r\n\r\nInformational trust is defined as a user’s beliefs about the reliability, credibility, and accuracy of information gathered through the Web. Users’ belief about the trustworthiness of the information and knowledge gleaned from a blog site is a critical factor in persuading users to provide their information on the Web site.',10344),(5520,'Supplier relations','Supplier relations (SR) / Inbound logistics',10343),(5521,'Production and operations','Production and operations (PO)',10343),(5522,'Product and service enhancement','Product and service enhancement (PSE)',10343),(5523,'Sales and marketing support','Sales and marketing support (SM)',10343),(5524,'Customer relations','Customer relations (CR) / Outbound logistics',10343),(5525,'Process-level IT impacts','* Five processes are identified around which to collect IT impact data: supplier relations (inbound logistics), production and operations, product and service enhancement, sales and marketing support, and customer relations (outbound logistics).',10343),(5526,'Firm-level IT impacts','* Four items are designed to assess executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on firm-level, i.e. effect of IT on profit margin, market share, labor costs, and selling, general, and administration (SG&A) costs.',10343),(5527,'Firm performance','* Firm performance is measured by four widely known accounting measures: margin (or income as a percentage of sales), market share, labor costs as a percentage of sales, and SG&A as a percentage of sales.',10343),(5528,'Firm-level perceptions (FL1)','--> sensemaking measure\r\n--> item to assess executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on profit margin\r\n\r\n* one of four items to assess the output of executives\' sensemaking - Items reflect executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on firm performance and are meant to reflect a synthesis and integration of what executives notice about IT impacts at the process level, but in a way that anchors each item to a specific aspect of firm performance.',10343),(5529,'Firm-level perceptions (FL2)','--> sensemaking measure\r\n--> item to assess executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on market share\r\n\r\n* one of four items to assess the output of executives\' sensemaking - Items reflect executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on firm performance and are meant to reflect a synthesis and integration of what executives notice about IT impacts at the process level, but in a way that anchors each item to a specific aspect of firm performance.',10343),(5530,'Firm-level perceptions (FL3)','--> sensemaking measure\r\n--> item to assess executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on labor costs\r\n\r\n* one of four items to assess the output of executives\' sensemaking - Items reflect executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on firm performance and are meant to reflect a synthesis and integration of what executives notice about IT impacts at the process level, but in a way that anchors each item to a specific aspect of firm performance.',10343),(5531,'Firm-level perceptions (FL4)','--> sensemaking measure\r\n--> item to assess executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on selling, general, and administration (SG&A) costs\r\n\r\n* one of four items to assess the output of executives\' sensemaking - Items reflect executives’ perceptions of the effect of IT on firm performance and are meant to reflect a synthesis and integration of what executives notice about IT impacts at the process level, but in a way that anchors each item to a specific aspect of firm performance.',10343),(5532,'Margin','= margin or income as a percentage of sales\r\n\r\n--> measure of firm performance\r\n--> focuses on profitability',10343),(5533,'Market Share','--> measure of firm performance\r\n--> focuses on market expansion',10343),(5534,'SGA/Sales','= SG&A (selling, general & administration costs) as a percentage of sales\r\n\r\n--> measure of firm performance\r\n--> focuses on  cost avoidance',10343),(5535,'Labor/Sales','= labor costs as a percentage of sales\r\n\r\n--> measure of firm performance\r\n--> focuses on  cost avoidance',10343),(5536,'IT spending per employee','* control variable\r\n* value is standardized to reflect a degree of deviation from an industry mean\r\n\r\n* IT spending measures provide important insight into the confounding effects of IT budgets to the extent that executives feel that IT spending (either in absolute or relative terms) should be strongly correlated with IT impacts.',10343),(5537,'Rate of IT spending','= IT spending as a percentage of sales\r\n\r\n* control variable\r\n* value is standardized to reflect a degree of deviation from an industry mean\r\n\r\n* IT spending measures provide important insight into the confounding effects of IT budgets to the extent that executives feel that IT spending (either in absolute or relative terms) should be strongly correlated with IT impacts.',10343),(5538,'Sales of the largest five competitors','* control variable',10343),(5539,'Profit of the largest five competitors','* control variable',10343),(5540,'Utility role of IT','* control variable',10343),(5541,'Strategic role of IT','* control variable',10343),(5542,'IT-business interaction','* control variable',10343),(5543,'Nature of IT-strategy','* control variable',10343),(5544,'Income/IT dollar','= income per IT dollar (I/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 2',10343),(5545,'Sales/IT dollar','=  sales per IT dollar (S/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 2',10343),(5546,'Sales/Employee','= sales per employee (or productivity) (S/E)',10343),(5547,'Market share/rate of IT investment','= market share per rate of IT investment (M/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 2',10343),(5548,'Sales/IT capital dollar','= sales per IT capital dollar (S/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 3',10343),(5549,'Income/IT capital dollar','= income per IT capital dollar (I/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 3',10343),(5550,'Market share/IT capital dollar','= market share per IT capital dollar (M/IT)\r\n\r\n--> Model 3',10343),(5551,'Cue multiplicity & feedback immediacy','Cue multiplicity and feedback immediacy are primary factors differentiating richer (e.g., face-to-face) and leaner (e.g., CMCS) media.',10342),(5552,'Total socio-emotional communication','Socio-emotional communication tends to be evaluative (e.g., indicating agreement or disagreement) and may be positive (showing friendliness and support) or negative (showing hostility and rejection).',10342),(5553,'Negative socio-emotional climate','The level of negative socio-emotional communication relative to positive socio-emotional communication can be thought of as defining the socio-emotional climate of a social interaction. When this ratio increases, the socio-emotional climate is becoming less positive and more negative; when the ratio decreases, the socio-emotional climate is becoming less negative und more positive.',10342),(5554,'Communication clarity','clearer understanding of messages',10342),(5555,'Perceived ability to identify others deception','According to Interpersonal Deception Theory, evaluation of deception by others is an interactive process engaged in by both senders and receivers in a communication process.',10342),(5556,'Perceived ability to identify others expertise','',10342),(5557,'Task-oriented communication','Good task-oriented communication is defined as nonevaluative communication that helps the group solve its problem.',10342),(5558,'Decision quality','',10342),(5559,'Task Variety','',10453),(5560,'Task Identity','',10453),(5561,'Job Feedback','',10453),(5562,'Autonomy','',10453),(5563,'Task Significance','perception of the importance of one\'s work within the organization',10453),(5564,'Perceived Competitive Pay','Perceived competitiveness of pay refers to employees\' perceptions that salaries are comparable to peers in other organizations or industries.',10453),(5565,'Job Satisfaction','Job satisfaction refers to whether employees find their employment sufficiently satisfactory to continue in it, either permanently or until they have prepared for greater responsibilities.',10453),(5566,'Organizational Commitment','Organizational commitment is characterized by: \r\n(1) a strong belief in and acceptance of the organization\'s goals and values (normative commitment), \r\n(2) a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization (affective commitment), and \r\n(3) a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization (continuance commitment)',10453),(5567,'Perceived Job Alternatives','Perceived job altematives refer to workers\' beliefs that they can find a comparable job in another organization.',10453),(5568,'Turnover Intent','Turnover intention has been identified as the most immediate cognitive antecedent to turnover.',10453),(5569,'Turnover','',10453),(5570,'Gender','',10453),(5571,'Age','',10453),(5572,'Media Type','Two systems, a text-based system and a multimedia system, were contrasted in the experiment. The two systems were equivalent in terms of verbal information content. The only difference was that the multimedia system presented some information in the form of video clips, whereas the text-based system presented the same information using text transcripts exclusively.',10452),(5573,'Explanative Information','Explanative knowledge refers to knowledge in which the functional relationships among two or more variables are expressed and the underlying functional rules or mechanisms are explained. Explanative information contributes to the building of explanative knowledge.',10452),(5574,'Descriptive Information','Descriptive knowledge refers to knowledge in which the key components or events are described but not explained such as a list of facts, a description of a series of events, or a set of procedural instructions. Descriptive information refers to information that contributes to the building of descriptive knowledge.',10452),(5575,'Inference Ability','Creative problem solving refers to the ability to solve problems that are different from those the leamer has previously learned. Creative problem solving reflects the \"true understanding\" of the event or information. He suggested that true understanding is at a level higher than the recall of information and that the understanding means that, in addition to knowing the basic descriptive and explanative information presented, a leamer must be able to put this information together in a new way and apply it to a new context. We label this ability as inference ability.',10452),(5576,'Teamwork Quality','Teamwork Quality (TWQ) is a construct and measure of team characteristics that captures six facets of teamwork: communication, coordination, balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort, and cohesion.',10450),(5577,'Computer Self-Efficacy','Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE) is defined as \"a judgment of one\'s capability to use a computer\".',10450),(5578,'Technology Usage','The collaborative system used in this study would be classified as a group communication support system (GCSS). The system\' organizes users into projects, and each team had a specific project dedicated to its use, as well as the ability to create others a needed. Within each project, team members had access to a number of functional modules, of which the most commonly used were document collaboration, threaded discussion, news posting, task management, polling, and issue resolution.',10450),(5579,'Creative Performance','Creative tasks are well supported by the collaborative system.',10450),(5580,'Team Size','',10450),(5581,'Graduate Management Admission Test','The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a computer adaptive test intended to assess certain analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills in written English for use in admission to a graduate management program, such as an MBA program. [Wiki]',10450),(5582,'Decision-making Performance','Decision-making tasks aren\'t supported by the collaborative system.',10450),(5584,'Trust','Trust helps assure that one party will not take advantage of the vulnerability of the other during or after the transaction. Trust acts as an informal control mechanism that reduces friction, limits opportunistic behaviors, minimizes the need for bureaucratic structures, encourages future transactions, and helps build long-term relationships. In contrast, lack of trust may require full disclosure of otherwise commonly accepted transaction rules in the form of extensive legal contracts, leading to greater transaction costs and lower business efficiencies.\r\n\r\nAn integrative definition of trust is the following: Trust is \"the willingness of a party [trustor] to be vulnerable to the actions of another party [trustee] based on the expectation that the other [trustee] will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party [trustee]. In consumer-based e-commerce, consumers (users) are the trustors and online firms are the trustees, since users provide sensitive information such as e-mail addresses, credit card numbers, and personal preferences to these firms and are hence vulnerable to firm behavior.',10449),(5585,'T1 - Expertise','Trust Item T1 - Expertise:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] has the skills and expertise to perform transactions in an expected manner.\r\n\r\n* Dimension: Ability',10449),(5586,'T2 - Information','Trust Item T2 - Information:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] has access to the information needed to handle transactions appropriately. \r\n\r\n* Dimension: Ability',10449),(5587,'T4 - Fairness in Transactions','Trust Item T4 - Fairness in Transactions:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] is fair in its conduct of customer transactions.\r\n\r\n* Dimension: Integrity',10449),(5588,'T6 - Fairness in Service','Trust Item T6 - Fairness in Service:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] is fair in its customer service policies following a transaction. \r\n\r\n* Dimension: Integrity',10449),(5589,'T7 - Empathy','Trust Item T7 - Empathy:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] is open and receptive to customer needs.\r\n\r\n* Dimension: Benevolence',10449),(5590,'T9 - Resolving Concerns','Trust Item T9 - Resolving Concerns:\r\nAmazon [Online-Banking-Division] makes good-faith efforts to address most customer concerns. \r\n\r\n* Dimension: Benevolence',10449),(5591,'T10 - Overall Trust','Trust Item T10 - Overall Trust:\r\nOverall, Amazon [Online-Banking-Division] is trustworthy. \r\n\r\n* Dimension: Overall Trust',10449),(5592,'Willingness to transact','',10449),(5593,'Willingness to transact - Item W1','\"I intend on using Amazon [Online-Banking-Division] for some of my future purchases [banking transactions].\"',10449),(5594,'Willingness to transact - Item W2','\"I am inclined to purchase Amazon\'s [Online-Banking-Division\'s] goods and services.\"',10449),(5595,'Willingness to transact - Item W3','\"I am likely to utilize the services provided by Amazon [Online-Banking-Division].\"',10449),(5596,'Familiarity','',10449),(5597,'Familiarity - Item F1','\" I am familiar with the process of searching for books [reconciling transactions] on Amazon [Online-Banking-Division].\"',10449),(5598,'Familiarity - Item F2','\"I am familiar with buying books [paying bills online] at Amazon [Online-Banking-Division].\"',10449),(5599,'Familiarity - Item F3','\"I am familiar with inquiring about book ratings [account information] on Amazon [Online-Banking-Division].\"',10449),(5600,'Familiarity - Item F4','\"Overall, I am familiar with Amazon [Online-Banking-Division].\"',10449),(5601,'Perceived Responsiveness','',10448),(5602,'Cooperative Intensions','',10448),(5603,'Configuration Correctness','',10448),(5604,'User Approval','User Approval (UA) reflects user willingness to adopt the new CRM, regardless of whether its use is mandated by management.',10448),(5605,'Site-type','quasi-experimental treatment with pilot- and non-pilot site subjects',10448),(5606,'Technology Characteristics','Technology Characteristics: Support Technologies\r\n\r\nSupport technologies are defined in terms of production, coordination, and organizational dimensions. According to the authors, there are three components of production technology: activities that relate to representing information requirements, activities that relate to analyzing information flows and data relationships, and activities that relate to transforming these views into program codes. Coordination technologies are those that enable control and cooperative functionalities. Organizational technologies reflect support and infrastructure functionalities.',10447),(5607,'Task Characteristics','Task Characteristics: Clear Goals\r\n\r\n--> a clear mission that establishes initial goals and general directions',10447),(5608,'Organizational Characteristics','Organizational Characteristics: Management Advocacy\r\n\r\nManagement advocacy refers to the willingness of management to provide the required resources and authority for project success.',10447),(5609,'Project Characteristics','Project Characteristics: Project-team Size',10447),(5610,'Process Characteristics','Process Characteristics: Problem Solving Competency',10447),(5611,'People Characteristics','People Characteristics: Staff Expertise\r\n\r\n--> experience and knowledge and the resultant familiarity with the problem faced',10447),(5612,'Task Outcomes','',10447),(5613,'Psychological Outcomes','',10447),(5614,'Organizational Outcomes','',10447),(5615,'Technical service guarantees','Technical service guarantees refers to the service-level agreements offered by the ASP (application service providers), as network reliability, application reliability, and scalability of the software.\r\n\r\nTechnical service guarantees ensure service over the Internet. The availability of tools to track performance of SLAs (Service Level Agreements) makes it possible for ASPs to offer technical service guarantees such as SLAs.',10535),(5616,'Functional capability of the ASP','Capability of a software provider in terms of functionality of the software has been identified as a factor gauging satisfaction.',10535),(5617,'Prior internet usage','Prior experience causes consumers to form norms, which serve as frames of reference to evaluate satisfaction.',10535),(5618,'Perceived Provider Performance','Perceived provider performance is the perception of the user\'s experience with the service, here the experience with the ASP (application service providers), and is influenced by the expectations of users.',10535),(5619,'Satisfaction with ASP','The satisfaction with the system indicates the users\' understanding of the system and success.\r\n\r\nSatisfaction with a new service forms an important part of the organizational assimilation process.',10535),(5620,'Maturity of internal IT','',10535),(5621,'Prior systems integration','Prior systems integration refers to systems integration in the organization prior to implementing ASP (application service providers) services.',10535),(5622,'Disconfirmation','Subjective disconfirmation represents a distinct cognitive state resulting from the comparison process and preceding the satisfaction judgment and is posited to have an independent effect on the satisfaction of the consumer.',10535),(5623,'Calculative-based','According to the calculative-based trust paradigm, trust can be shaped by rational assessments of the costs and benefits of another party cheating or cooperating in the relationship. Trust in this view is derived from an economic analysis occurring in ongoing relationships, namely that it is not worthwhile for the other party to engage in opportunistic behavior.  In the context of e-commerce, a customer can be expected to trust an e-vendor more when the customer believes that the e-vendor has more to lose than to gain by cheating or has nothing to gain by breaking customer trust.',10534),(5624,'Institution-based structural assurances','Institution-based structural assurance is a type of institution-based trust, which refers to one\'s sense of security from guarantees, safety nets, or other impersonal structures inherent in a specific context. Structural assurances or structural safeguards refer to an assessment of success due to safety nets such as legal recourse, guarantees, and regulations that exist in a specific context.',10534),(5625,'Institution-based situational normality','Institution-based situational normality is a type of institution-based trust, which refers to one\'s sense of security from guarantees, safety nets, or other impersonal structures inherent in a specific context. Situational normality is an assessment that the transaction will be a success, based on how normal or customary the situation appears to be. This assures people that everything in the setting is as it ought to be and that a shared understanding of what is happening exists.',10534),(5626,'Knowledge-based familiarity','Familiarity is experience with the what, who, how, and when of what is happening. Familiarity reduces social uncertainty through increased understanding of what is happening in the present. In e-commerce, consumer familiarity, for example, corresponds to how well a consumer comprehends the Web site procedures, including when and how to enter credit card information. Trust, on the other hand, deals with beliefs about the e-vendor\'s future intentions and behavior.',10534),(5627,'Trust','Trust is an expectation that others one chooses to trust will not behave opportunistically by taking advantage of the situation, it is one\'s belief that the other party will behave in a dependable, ethical, and socially appropriate manner. Trust deals with the belief that the trusted party will fulfill its commitments despite the trusting party\'s dependence and vulnerability.',10534),(5628,'Intended Use','Intended Use refers to the consumers\' intended use of the Web site.',10534),(5629,'Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)','PEOU is an indicator of the cognitive effort needed lo learn and to utilize the new IT.',10534),(5630,'Perceived Usefulness (PU)','PU is a measure of the individual\'s subjective assessment of the utility offered by the new IT in a specific task-related context.',10534),(5631,'Top Management Commitment','Top management commitment and support set up the structures of signification, legitimization, and domination that reveal to individuals the ways in which the technology might be useful in their work process and task activities.',10533),(5632,'Local Management Commitment','While top management signals the importance of the technology to the enterprise through their funding and resources provisioning actions, local or departmental management also influences individual behaviors by reinterpreting and reinforcing the signals emanating from enterprise management.',10533),(5633,'Perceived Usefulness','Beliefs concerning instrumental outcomes associated with technology use.',10533),(5634,'Ease of Use','Beliefs that technology use will be relatively free of cognitive burden.',10533),(5635,'Computer Self-Efficacy','',10533),(5636,'Personal Innovativeness with Technology','',10533),(5637,'SCMS Use for Exploitation','Supply chain management systems (SCMS)/IT Use for Exploitation: Execution of Structured Interfirm Processes\r\n\r\nGoals: Improving, applying, and incrementally refining firm capabilities.\r\n\r\nOutcomes: Clearly definable benefits (e.g. cost reduction, process consistency, process efficiency).',10532),(5638,'SCMS Use for Exploration','Supply chain management systems (SCMS)/IT Use for Exploration: Execution of Unstructured Interfirm Processes\r\n\r\nGoals: Creating new capabilities, devising novel solutions to current problems.\r\n\r\nOutcomes: Soft benefits that are difficult to evaluate in advance (e.g. shared understanding, clearer picture of cause-effect relationships, greater understanding of operating environment).',10532),(5639,'Business-process specificity','Business-process specificity arises from the development of relationship-specific routines or standard operating procedures for efficient task execution. \r\n\r\nBusiness-process specificity is the degree to which a supplierís key business processes such as operating processes, administrative processes, and quality-control processes are particular to the requirements of the focal firm in the relationship.',10532),(5640,'Domain-knowledge specificity','Domain-knowledge specificity arises from the development of a context-sensitive understanding of cause effect relationships that facilitate effective action and resolution of ambiguities in task planning and execution.\r\n\r\nDomain-knowledge specificity is the degree to which a supplier\'s critical expertise such as competitive analysis and strategy formulation and new-product development are particular to the requirement of the focal firm in the relationship.',10532),(5641,'Operational Benefits','Operational benefits are a first-order benefit of SCMS use. Operational benefits arise from lowered transaction and production costs through SCMS use. Examples include faster invoicing and payment settlement, more-efficient inventory management, and automating and rationalizing business processes.',10532),(5642,'Strategic Benefits','Strategic benefits are a first-order benefit of SCMS use. Strategic benefits arise through firms positioning themselves to take advantage of opportunities arising in the relationship. These include the development of new products and services, a richer understanding of the partner and nuances of the exchange, and the ability to recognize and respond to changes in the relationship.',10532),(5643,'Competitive Performance','A supplier\'s competitive performance - reflecting the supplier\'s success relative to competitors - is viewed here as a second-order benefit influenced by operational and strategic benefits created by information technologies.',10532),(5644,'Supplier Size','* Control Variable\r\n\r\nIncluding firm size in the model controls for factors such as relative bargaining power and size of the resource base that can affect supplier benefits. Larger suppliers may be more willing to make investments in training personnel. They may also have more experience in information systems use. Benefits to larger suppliers may therefore be systematically higher than those to smaller suppliers. However, larger suppliers may have existing IT and manufacturing operations that need considerable redesign to integrate with the retailer\'s processes (an issue likely to be less problematic for smaller suppliers). Incorporating size in the model controls for these extraneous effects.',10532),(5645,'Years of Association','* Control Variable\r\n\r\nIncluding the length of association as a control variable has two advantages. First, it helps control for the potential effects of relationship duration on supplier benefits. Second, it controls for recursive relationships (e.g. greater supplier benefits in one period might lead to higher levels of IT use and investments in specialized intangible assets in subsequent periods). Including length of association in the model helps control for such temporal patterns that may otherwise confound the results.',10532),(5646,'Retailer Replaceability','* Control Variable\r\n\r\nThe level of retailer replaceability reflects the ease with which a supplier can make the transition to working with other customers for their goods in the event they are not able to sell to the focal retailer.',10532),(5647,'Product Uncertainty','* Control Variable\r\n\r\nUncertainty arising from shorter product life cycles increases information processing demands in relationships. It also increases the likelihood of a supplier encountering unanticipated contingencies. For example, unexpected product improvements by competitors can catch a supplier by surprise and adversely affect its sales.',10532),(5648,'Usefulness (t1)','',10531),(5649,'Usefulness (t2)','',10531),(5650,'Usefulness (t3)','',10531),(5651,'Attitude (t1)','',10531),(5652,'Attitude (t2)','',10531),(5653,'Attitude (t3)','',10531),(5654,'Disconfirmation (t2)','',10531),(5655,'Disconfirmation (t3)','',10531),(5656,'Satisfaction (t2)','',10531),(5657,'Intention (t2)','',10531),(5658,'Intention (t3)','',10531),(5659,'Response efficacy','',10473),(5660,'Threat','',10473),(5661,'Facillitating conditions','',10473),(5662,'Rewards / costs','',10473),(5663,'Punishments','',10473),(5664,'Social factors','',10473),(5665,'Fear','',10473),(5666,'Neutralization','',10473),(5667,'Intention','',10473),(5668,'Habit','',10473),(5669,'Reactance','',10473),(5670,'Faithfulness of Appropriation','',10474),(5671,'Consensus on Appropriation','',10474),(5672,'Communicative Coordination','',10474),(5673,'Team DSU of CPOE','',10474),(5674,'Informating the Patient','',10474),(5675,'Patient Satisfaction with Care Team','',10474),(5676,'Behavioral intention','',10475),(5677,'Facilitating conditions','',10475),(5678,'Pre-impl. job performance','',10475),(5679,'Expressive advice ties','',10475),(5680,'Instrumental advice ties','',10475),(5681,'Expressive impeding ties','',10475),(5682,'Instrumental impeding ties','',10475),(5683,'Deep structure use','',10475),(5684,'Post-implementation job performance','',10475),(5685,'Extent of After-Hours Work-Related Interruptions','',10476),(5686,'Psychological Transition','',10476),(5687,'Interruption Overload','',10476),(5688,'Task Closure','',10476),(5689,'Work Exhaustion','',10476),(5690,'Nonwork Exhaustion','',10476),(5691,'Nonwork Performance','',10476),(5692,'Work Performance','',10476),(5693,'Alertness to distinction','',10477),(5694,'Awareness of multiple perspectives','',10477),(5695,'Openness to novelty','',10477),(5696,'Orientation to the present','',10477),(5697,'IT mindfulness','',10477),(5698,'Continuance','',10477),(5699,'Deep structure usage','',10477),(5700,'Trying to innovate','',10477),(5701,'Perceived ease of use','',10477),(5702,'Perceived usefulness','',10477),(5703,'Spreadsheet self-efficacy','',10477),(5704,'Situational Normality (SIN)','',10478),(5705,'Structural Assurance (STA)','',10478),(5706,'Social Presence (SOP)','',10478),(5707,'User Trust in VW','',10478),(5708,'Disposition to Trust (DTR)','',10478),(5709,'Emergent use intention (EUI)','',10478),(5711,'User Trust (UT)','',10478),(5715,'Using a partial descriptor','',10479),(5716,'Consumer mood','',10479),(5717,'Taste-matched but Need-unmatched','',10479),(5718,'Impulse purchase tendency','',10479),(5719,'Urge to buy','',10479),(5720,'Unplanned purchase action','',10479),(5721,'Extent of hunger','',10479),(5722,'Extent of thirst','',10479),(5723,'Extremeness of temperature','',10479),(5724,'Health awareness','',10479),(5725,'Perceived un-healthiness of snack','',10479),(5726,'Time availability','',10479),(5727,'Money Availability','',10479),(5728,'Mobile usage','',10479),(5729,'Location matched','',10479),(5730,'Exposure to incongruent email interruptions','',10480),(5731,'Exposure to congruent email interruptions','',10480),(5732,'Subjective workload','',10480),(5733,'Mindfulness','',10480),(5734,'Perceived Control','',10480),(5735,'Multitasking self-efficacy','',10480),(5736,'Effort','',10480),(5737,'Knowledge','',10480),(5738,'Weekly salesperson performance','',10480),(5739,'Daily salesperson performance','',10480),(5740,'Re-processing','',10480),(5741,'Re-hearsing','',10480),(5742,'Communicating in parallel','',10480),(5743,'Leaving in inbox','',10480),(5744,'Deleting','',10480),(5745,'Foldering','',10480),(5746,'IT infrastructure flexibility','',10481),(5747,'Business flexibility','',10481),(5748,'Post-M&A IT integration capability','',10481),(5749,'M&A activities','',10481),(5750,'Post-M&A performance','',10481),(5751,'Data Standards','',10481),(5752,'Network standards','',10481),(5753,'Object-oriented methodology','',10481),(5754,'Shared knowledge','',10481),(5755,'Acquirer’s availability of cash','',10481),(5756,'Acquirer size','',10481),(5757,'Prior IT integration experience','',10481),(5758,'Pre-M&A technological relatedness','',10481),(5759,'Acquirer’s diversification','',10481),(5760,'Acquirer industry','',10481),(5761,'Prior M&A experience','',10481),(5762,'Method of payment','',10481),(5763,'Relative target size','',10481),(5764,'IT investment','',10481),(5765,'Business process outsourcing','',10481),(5766,'Age','',10482),(5767,'Previous job count','',10482),(5768,'Extrinsic outcomes','',10482),(5769,'Social outcomes','',10482),(5770,'Gender','',10482),(5771,'Person–organization fit (PO fit)','',10482),(5772,'Person–job fit (PJ fit)','',10482),(5773,'Intrinsic outcomes','',10482),(5774,'Labor cost','',10483),(5775,'Material cost','',10483),(5776,'IT spending','',10483),(5777,'Resources','',10483),(5778,'Capability','',10483),(5779,'Cycle Time','',10483),(5780,'Turn over','',10483),(5781,'On-time delivery','',10483),(5782,'Accept rate','',10483),(5783,'Capital expend','',10483),(5784,'IT Apps','',10483),(5785,'IT usage','',10483),(5786,'Performance','',10483),(5787,'Margin','',10483),(5788,'Capex','',10483),(5789,'Perceived Susceptibility','',10484),(5790,'Perceived Severity','',10484),(5791,'Perceived Threat','',10484),(5792,'Perceived Security Response Efficacy','',10484),(5793,'Perceived Security Self-Efficacy','',10484),(5794,'Protective Actions','',10484),(5795,'Seeking Help','',10484),(5796,'Avoidance','',10484),(5797,'System Satisfaction','',10485),(5798,'Job Satisfaction','',10485),(5799,'Job Performance','',10485),(5800,'Job Stress','',10485),(5801,'Training','',10485),(5802,'Online support','',10485),(5803,'Help desk support','',10485),(5804,'Change mgmt. support','',10485),(5805,'Get-advice centrality','',10485),(5806,'Perceived threat severity','',10486),(5807,'Perceived threat vulnerability','',10486),(5808,'Fear','',10486),(5809,'Response efficacy','',10486),(5810,'Self-efficacy','',10486),(5811,'Response costs','',10486),(5812,'Backup intention','',10486),(5813,'Backup behavior','',10486),(5814,'Perceived Workload','',10487),(5815,'Career-Family Conflict','',10487),(5816,'Fairness','',10487),(5817,'Control of career','',10487),(5818,'Exhaustion from IS Career experience','',10487),(5819,'Affective commitment to the IS profession','',10487),(5820,'Turn-away intention','',10487),(5821,'Control variables','',10487),(5822,'Internal IT use','',10488),(5823,'Knowledge transfer effectiveness','',10488),(5824,'Absorptive Capacity','',10488),(5825,'Financial growth','',10488),(5826,'IT Governance Mechanisms','',10489),(5827,'Decision-making structure','',10489),(5828,'Formal Process','',10489),(5829,'Communication approach','',10489),(5830,'IS strategic alignement','',10489),(5831,'Product strategic  alignment','',10489),(5832,'Quality strategic alignment','',10489),(5833,'Market strategic alignment','',10489),(5834,'Firm size','',10489),(5835,'Organizational performance','',10489),(5836,'Financial returns','',10489),(5837,'Operational excellence','',10489),(5838,'Customer perspective','',10489),(5839,'IT industry','',10489),(5840,'Application design','',10490),(5841,'Application utility','',10490),(5842,'User interface graphics','',10490),(5843,'User interface input','',10490),(5844,'User interface output','',10490),(5845,'User interface structure','',10490),(5846,'Continued intention use','',10490),(5847,'Mobile application loyalty','',10490),(5848,'Content','',10490),(5849,'Ease of use','',10490),(5850,'Promotion','',10490),(5851,'Made-for-the-medium','',10490),(5852,'Emotion','',10490),(5853,'Perceived Threat Severity','',10492),(5854,'Perceived Threat Susceptibility','',10492),(5855,'Perceived Self-Efficacy','',10492),(5856,'Perceived Response Efficacy','',10492),(5857,'Formal sanction certainty','',10492),(5858,'Informal sanction certainty','',10492),(5859,'Sanction celerity','',10492),(5860,'Age','',10492),(5861,'Gender','',10492),(5862,'Education','',10492),(5863,'Experience','',10492),(5864,'Message type','',10492),(5865,'Formal sanction severity','',10492),(5866,'Informal sanction severity','',10492),(5867,'Compliance intention','',10492),(5868,'Tool','',10493),(5869,'Time pressure','',10493),(5870,'Non-Task-Focused Discussion','',10493),(5871,'Decision Quality','',10493),(5872,'Perceived Effectiveness','',10493),(5873,'Enjoyment','',10493),(5874,'Motivation','',10494),(5875,'Ability','',10494),(5876,'Quality of personalization','',10494),(5877,'Depth of processing','',10494),(5878,'Cumulative breadth of sampling','',10494),(5879,'Variation of personalized items','',10494),(5880,'Perceived usefulness','',10494),(5881,'Need for cognition','',10494),(5882,'Gender','',10494),(5883,'Age','',10494),(5884,'Attitude valence','',10494),(5885,'Attitude persistence','',10494),(5886,'Attitude confidence','',10494),(5887,'Item selection','',10494),(5888,'Subsequent breadth of sampling','',10494),(5889,'Perceived enjoyment','',10495),(5890,'Perceived product diagnosticity','',10495),(5891,'Perceived decision quality','',10495),(5892,'Perceived decision effort','',10495),(5893,'Intention to reuse an Ra','',10495),(5894,'Perceived usefulness','',10496),(5895,'Perceived ease of use','',10496),(5896,'Behavioral intention','',10496),(5897,'Knowledge depth','',10501),(5898,'Assessment of community TMS','',10501),(5899,'Knowledge breadth','',10501),(5900,'Adding contribution','',10501),(5901,'Shaping contribution','',10501),(5902,'Perceived reuse of knowledge for organizational improvement','',10501),(5903,'Technology','Technology comprises a crucial element of the structural dimension needed to mobilize social capital for the creation of new knowledge. \r\n\r\nThe technological dimension addresses the technology-enabled ties that exist within the firm.',10458),(5904,'Structure','Organizational structure is important in leveraging technological architecture. \r\n\r\nStructural infrastructure refers to the presence of norms and trust mechanisms.',10458),(5905,'Culture','Perhaps the most significant hurdle to effective knowledge management is organizational culture. Shaping culture is central in a firm\'s ability to manage its knowledge more effectively. Interaction between individuals is essential in the innovation process. Dialogue between individuals or groups are often the basis for the creation of new ideas and can therefore be viewed as having tbe potential for creating knowledge.\r\n\r\nShared contexts comprise the cultural dimension.',10458),(5906,'Knowledge Infrastructure Capability','Infrastructure capability can be further subdivided along definitional lines of technical, structural, and cultural capability. The dimension of infrastructure capability reflects an additive capability to launch and sustain a program of change through knowledge management. In other words, the construct is not a higher-level abstraction of its underlying dimensions. Instead, it is a combination or additive sum of its respective factors.',10458),(5907,'Acquisition','Acquisition-oriented knowledge management processes are those oriented toward obtaining knowledge. One aspect of acquisition is the accumulation of knowledge. Innovation, another aspect of acquisition, is the creation of new knowledge from the application of existing knowledge. This requires concerted effort and a high degree of experience in recognizing and capturing new knowledge. Improved use of existing knowledge and more effective acquisition of new knowledge is also a key aspect of acquisition.',10458),(5908,'Conversion','Conversion-oriented knowledge management processes are those oriented toward making existing knowledge useful. Some of the processes that enable knowledge conversion are a fimi\'s ability to organize, integrate, combine, structure, coordinate or distribute knowledge.',10458),(5909,'Application','Application-based processes are those oriented toward the actual use of the knowledge.',10458),(5910,'Protection','Security-oriented knowledge management processes are those designed to protect the knowledge within an organization from illegal or inappropriate use or theft. For a firm to generate and preserve a competitive advantage, it is vital that its knowledge be protected.',10458),(5911,'Knowledge Process Capability','Knowledge Process Capability is grouped into four broad dimensions — acquiring knowledge, converting it into useful form, applying or using it, and protecting it.\r\n\r\nProcess capability can be further subdivided along definitional lines of acquisition, conversion, application, and protection capability. The dimension of process capability reflects an additive capability to launch and sustain a program of change through knowledge management. In other words, the construct is not a higher-level abstraction of its underlying dimensions. Instead, it is a combination or additive sum of its respective factors.',10458),(5912,'Organizational Effectiveness','',10458),(5913,'Assessment - status ought to be reported','whether the information ought to be communicated',10457),(5914,'Assessment - personal responsibility to report','individual\'s assessment of personal responsibility to report the information',10457),(5915,'Reluctance to report','reluctance to report the information',10457),(5916,'Perceived risk: negative consequences','a perceived risk of negative personal consequences acts as a \"cost\" in the individual\'s assessment of reporting alternatives',10457),(5917,'Perceived wrongdoing','level of perceived wrongdoing in the situation',10457),(5918,'Perceived impact','magnitude of the possible loss',10457),(5919,'Perceived project risk','Perceived risk can be defined as \"a decision-maker\'s assessment of the risk inherent in a situation\".',10457),(5920,'Perceived risk propensity','Risk propensity refers to the notion that many decision-makers have consistent tendencies to either take or avoid actions that they feel are risky.',10457),(5921,'Perceived usefulness','',10456),(5922,'Perceived ease of use','',10456),(5923,'Attitude','',10456),(5924,'Intention to use','User acceptance in this study was examined by intention to use the technology rather than actual usage.',10456),(5925,'Peer Influence','Peer influence refers to a physician\'s perception of relevant colleagues\' opinions on their use of telemedicine technology. Peer influence is closely related to subjective norms but has an explicitly defined focus; that is, the relevant others are professional peers. Results from prior research suggest that physicians have exhibited considerable dominance over managers and patients, making the opinions of their professional peers alone increasingly relevant and important.',10455),(5926,'Compatibility','Compatibility refers to the degree to which the use of telemedicine technology is perceived by a physician to be consistent with their practice style or preference.',10455),(5927,'Perceived ease of use','Level of ease of use of telemedicine technology as perceived by a physician.',10455),(5928,'Perceived Usefulness','Perceived usefulness represents the degree to which telemedicine technology is seen by a physician as\r\nencompassing sufficient utilities for supporting or facilitating their core patient care services.',10455),(5929,'Attitude','Attitude refers to a physician\'s positive or negative evaluative affect about using telemedicine technology.',10455),(5930,'Perceived Technology Control','Perceived technology control broadly refers to a physician\'s perceived ability to use telemedicine technology.',10455),(5931,'Behavioral Intention','A physician\'s behavioral intention to accept the telemedicine technology.',10455),(5932,'Perceived usefulness','',10512),(5933,'Confirmation','',10512),(5934,'Satisfaction','',10512),(5935,'IS Continuance intention','',10512),(5936,'Comprehensiveness of usage','',10512),(5937,'Habit','',10512),(5938,'IS continuance usage','',10512),(5939,'Frequency of past behavior','',10512),(5940,'Actual product knowledge','',10513),(5941,'Perceived website diagnosticity','',10513),(5942,'Perceived usefulness','',10513),(5943,'Return intention','',10513),(5944,'Perceived work overload','',10514),(5945,'Job autonomy','',10514),(5946,'Work family conflict','',10514),(5947,'Fairness of rewards','',10514),(5948,'Work exhaustion','',10514),(5949,'Organizational commitment','',10514),(5950,'Turnover intention','',10514),(5951,'Age','',10514),(5952,'Tenure at org.','',10514),(5953,'Martial status','',10514),(5954,'Promotability','',10514),(5955,'Compatibility with existing practices','',10515),(5956,'Compatibility with experience','',10515),(5957,'Compatibility with values','',10515),(5958,'Usage intensity','',10515),(5959,'Usage scope','',10515),(5960,'Perceived usefulness','',10515),(5961,'Perceived ease of use','',10515),(5962,'Task-oriented communication (TC1)','',10516),(5963,'Expertise location(EL1)','',10516),(5964,'Task-knowledge coordination (TKC1)','',10516),(5965,'Cognition-based trust (CBT1)','',10516),(5966,'Performance (PERF1)','',10516),(5967,'Task-orientated communication (TC2)','',10516),(5968,'Expertise location (EL2)','',10516),(5969,'Task-knowledge coordination (TKC2)','',10516),(5970,'Cognition-based trust (CBT2)','',10516),(5971,'Performance (PERF2)','',10516),(5972,'Task-oriented communication','',10516),(5973,'Expertise location (EL3)','',10516),(5974,'Task-knowledge coordination (TKC3)','',10516),(5975,'Cognition-based trust (CBT3)','',10516),(5976,'Performance (PERF3)','',10516),(5977,'Trust -getting information (Getting info)','',10517),(5978,'PU of getting info (Getting info)','',10517),(5979,'PEOU of getting info (Getting info)','',10517),(5980,'Download delay (Getting info)','',10517),(5981,'Time resources (Getting info)','',10517),(5982,'Website navigability (Getting info)','',10517),(5983,'Getting information skills (Getting info)','',10517),(5984,'Trust-product purchasing (Purchasing)','',10517),(5985,'PU of purchasing (Purchasing)','',10517),(5986,'PEOU of purhasing (Purchasing)','',10517),(5987,'Monetary resources (Purchasing)','',10517),(5988,'Product value (Purchasing)','',10517),(5989,'Product diagnosticity (Purchasing)','',10517),(5990,'Information protection (Purchasing)','',10517),(5991,'Purchasing skills (Purchasing)','',10517),(5992,'Attitude toward Getting info','',10517),(5993,'Subjective norm on Getting info','',10517),(5994,'Controllability (Getting info)','',10517),(5995,'Self-Efficacy (Getting info)','',10517),(5996,'PBC (Getting info)','',10517),(5997,'Intention to get info','',10517),(5998,'Getting info behavior','',10517),(5999,'Attitude toward purchasing','',10517),(6000,'Subjective norm on purchasing','',10517),(6001,'Controllability (Purchasing)','',10517),(6002,'Self-Efficacy (Purchasing)','',10517),(6003,'PBC (Purchasing)','',10517),(6004,'Intention to purchase','',10517),(6005,'Purchasing behavior','',10517),(6006,'Gender','',10518),(6007,'Education','',10518),(6008,'Income','',10518),(6009,'Previous online privacy invasion (PREV_INV)','',10518),(6010,'Privacy concern (PRIV_CONC)','',10518),(6011,'Importance of privacy policies','',10518),(6012,'Importance of information transparency','',10518),(6013,'Willing to be profiled online for personalized service','',10518),(6014,'Willing to be profiled online for personalized advertising','',10518),(6015,'Data consistency','',10519),(6016,'Cross-functional application integration','',10519),(6017,'IT infrastructure integration for SCM','',10519),(6018,'Supply chain process integration','',10519),(6019,'Information flow integration','',10519),(6020,'Physical flow integration','',10519),(6021,'Financial flow integration','',10519),(6022,'Firm performance','',10519),(6023,'Consumer demand predictability','',10519),(6024,'Firm size','',10519),(6025,'Operational excellence','',10519),(6026,'Customer relationships','',10519),(6027,'Revenue growth','',10519),(6028,'Collaborative values','',10520),(6029,'Individual values','',10520),(6030,'Distribution norm','',10520),(6031,'Forking norm','',10520),(6032,'Named credit norm','',10520),(6033,'Process beliefs','',10520),(6034,'Freedom belief','',10520),(6035,'Communication quality','',10520),(6036,'Affective trust','',10520),(6037,'Cognitive trust','',10520),(6038,'Team size','',10520),(6039,'Team effort','',10520),(6040,'Output task completion','',10520),(6041,'Argument quality (t1)','',10522),(6042,'Source credibility (t1)','',10522),(6043,'Job revelevance (t1)','',10522),(6044,'User expertise (t1)','',10522),(6045,'Perceived usefulness(t1)','',10522),(6046,'Attitude (t1)','',10522),(6047,'IT Usage intention (t1)','',10522),(6048,'Internet experience','',10523),(6049,'Navigation systems','',10523),(6050,'Perceived disorientation','',10523),(6051,'Engagement','',10523),(6052,'User performance','',10523),(6053,'Future intentions to use','',10523),(6054,'Computer Self-Efficacy','Computer self-efficacy is defined as the judgment of one\'s ability to use a computer.',10454),(6055,'Knowledge of Search Domain','the users\' background knowledge of search domain',10454),(6056,'Relevance','Relevance is the degree to which the system matches tasks as carried out in the current environment and as specified in the task analysis.',10454),(6057,'Terminology','Terminology refers to the words, sentences, and abbreviations used by a system.',10454),(6058,'Screen Design','Screen design is the way information is presented on the screen.',10454),(6059,'Perceived Usefulness','perceived usefulness of the digital library',10454),(6060,'Perceived Ease of Use','perceived ease of use of the digital library',10454),(6061,'Behavior Intention','behavior intention to use the digital library',10454),(6062,'Organization overview','',10530),(6063,'Organization unit','',10530),(6064,'Organization responsibility','',10530),(6065,'IT-business integration','',10530),(6066,'Knowledge networking','',10530),(6067,'Interpersonal communication','',10530),(6068,'Leadership','',10530),(6069,'Organization specific','',10530),(6070,'Interpersonal & management','',10530),(6071,'Business competence','',10530),(6072,'Intentions to develop partnerships','',10530),(6073,'Perceived usefulness','',10529),(6074,'Perceived ease of use','',10529),(6075,'Perceived enjoyment','',10529),(6076,'Intention to use','',10529),(6077,'Supplier readiness','',10528),(6078,'Supplier process alignment','',10528),(6079,'System integration','',10528),(6080,'Customer process alignment','',10528),(6081,'Supplier-side online information capabilities','',10528),(6082,'Customer-side online information capabilities','',10528),(6083,'Customer readiness','',10528),(6084,'Supplier-size digitization','',10528),(6085,'Customer-side digitization','',10528),(6086,'Financial','',10528),(6087,'Seals','Seals of approval/ third-party certifications',10382),(6088,'Guarantees','',10382),(6089,'Ratings','former customer testimonials',10382),(6090,'System Trust','System trust reflects the belief that the requisite institutional controls are in place to trust the vendor for a successful transaction. In other words, what is the belief that the proper technology and information exists for a successful transaction?',10382),(6091,'Perceived Vendor Reputation','Perceived reputation of the vendor captures personal experiences, history, and the broad social presence of the vendor and its products and actions. A vendor\'s reputation is the extent to which customers believe a vendor is honest and concerned about its customers.',10382),(6092,'Perceived Trust in Vendor','Perceived trust in the vendor is defined as one party\'s willingness to depend on another party with a feeling of relative security even though negative consequences are possible.',10382),(6093,'Attitude Toward Vendor','Attitude is determined by the summation of the individual\'s salient beliefs about consequences of performing the behavior.',10382),(6094,'Purchase Intent','Purchase intention is the behavioral intent of the buyer that precedes the act of purchasing. Purchase intention is measured as the strength of one\'s intention to commit to an act.',10382),(6095,'Standardization of Methods','The a priori specification of process standards for software development tasks, reflecting the degree of complexity of efforts to develop uniform procedures for tasks.',10380),(6096,'Decentralization of Methods','The discretion provided to project teams to determine the methods they use for software development tasks, reflecting the extent of delegation of decision-making to teams with respect to methods to be followed and the latitude permitted to enable adaptation to the local context.',10380),(6097,'Standardization of Performance Criteria','The extent to which performance standards are defined a priori for tasks involved in software development.',10380),(6098,'Decentralization of Performance Criteria','The extent of discretion provided to individual project teams to determine the performance criteria used to judge outcomes in projects.',10380),(6099,'Process Performance','We conceptualize process performance in terms of two dimensions: process flexibility and process predictability. Prior research on outcomes of control suggests that process flexibility is a primary benefit of the use of appropriate control strategies. A predictable stable process that can be controlled is also an important attribute of software development performance. Firms whose costs, schedules, and performance are unpredictable are at the lowest levels of the SEI\'s capability maturity model.',10380),(6100,'Competitive Performance','The ability of a firm to control its software development process is expected to lead to favorable competitive outcomes in the marketplace. We view competitive performance in terms of two dimensions, product cost efficiency and market responsiveness, which correspond to the efficiency and effectiveness dimensions of performance.',10380),(6101,'Reputation','',10527),(6102,'Enjoy helping','',10527),(6103,'Centrality','',10527),(6104,'Self-rated expertise','',10527),(6105,'Tenure in the field','',10527),(6106,'Commitment','',10527),(6107,'Reciprocity','',10527),(6108,'Knowledge contribution','',10527),(6109,'Helpfulness of contribution','',10527),(6110,'Volume of contribution','',10527),(6111,'Communication encoding competence','',10526),(6112,'Communication decoding competence','',10526),(6113,'Source credibility','',10526),(6114,'Absorptive capacity','',10526),(6115,'Shared understanding','',10526),(6116,'Arduous relationship','',10526),(6117,'Project size','',10526),(6118,'Project complexity','',10526),(6119,'Project phase','',10526),(6120,'Knowledge transfer','',10526),(6121,'Recipient\'s intrinsic motivation','',10526),(6122,'Source intrinsic motivation','',10526),(6123,'Recipient\'s extrinsic motivations','',10526),(6124,'Source\'s extrinsic motivation','',10526),(6125,'Anticipated extrinsic rewards','',10525),(6126,'Anticipated reciprocal relationships','',10525),(6127,'Sense of self-worth','',10525),(6128,'Fairness','',10525),(6129,'Affiliation','',10525),(6130,'Innovativeness','',10525),(6131,'Attitude toward knowledge sharing','',10525),(6132,'Subjective norm','',10525),(6133,'Organizational climate','',10525),(6134,'Intention to share knowledge','',10525),(6135,'explicit knowledge','',10525),(6136,'implicit knowledge','',10525),(6137,'Perceived usefulness (PU)','',10524),(6138,'Perceived ease of use (PEOU)','',10524),(6139,'Behavioral intention to use (BIU)','',10524),(6140,'Subjective norms (SN)','',10524),(6141,'Masculinity / Femininity','',10524),(6142,'Individualism / Collectivism','',10524),(6143,'Power Distance','',10524),(6144,'Uncertainty Avoidance','',10524),(6145,'Experience','',10524),(6146,'Firm Size','firm size is operationalized as number of employees',10380),(6147,'Information transparency (INFO_TRANS)','',10518),(6148,'Privacy policy (PRIV_POL)','',10518),(6149,'Perceived systems risk','',10491),(6150,'Information assurance','',10491),(6151,'Perceived resilience','',10491),(6152,'Tenure','',10491),(6153,'Perceived usefulness','',10491),(6154,'CSE','',10491),(6155,'Ease of use','',10491),(6156,'Age','',10485),(6157,'Gender (1:Woman)','',10485),(6158,'Organizational tenure','',10485),(6159,'Organizational position','',10485),(6160,'Computer self-efficacy','',10485),(6161,'Pre-impl. job stress','',10485),(6162,'Pre-impl. job satisfaction','',10485),(6163,'Pre-impl. job performance','',10485),(6164,'Amount','',10538),(6165,'Frequency','',10538),(6166,'Intensity','',10538),(6167,'Conflict criterion','',10538),(6168,'Interpersonal conflict','',10538),(6169,'Disagreement','',10538),(6170,'Interference','',10538),(6171,'Negative emotion','',10538),(6172,'Interdependence-collaberation','',10538),(6173,'Interdependence-collaberation','',10538),(6174,'Interdependence-work','',10538),(6175,'Disagreement-system goals','',10538),(6176,'Disagreement-physical design','',10538),(6177,'Disagreement-implementation','',10538),(6178,'Disagreement-project mgt.','',10538),(6179,'Interference-system goals','',10538),(6180,'Interference-physical design','',10538),(6181,'Interference-implementation','',10538),(6182,'Interference-project mgt.','',10538),(6183,'Frustration','',10538),(6184,'Anger','',10538),(6185,'NBMC Top management','',10542),(6186,'NBMC Supervisor','',10542),(6187,'NBMC peers','',10542),(6188,'NBMC MIS department','',10542),(6189,'NBMC Local computer specialists','',10542),(6190,'NBMC Friends','',10542),(6191,'Subjective norm toward adopting','',10542),(6192,'Ease of use','',10542),(6193,'Image','',10542),(6194,'Perceived usefulness','',10542),(6195,'Visibility','',10542),(6196,'Result demonstrability','',10542),(6197,'Trialability','',10542),(6198,'Attitude toward adopting','',10542),(6199,'Perceived voluntariness','',10542),(6200,'Behavioral intention to adopt','',10542),(6201,'Subjective norm toward continuing to use','',10542),(6202,'Attitude toward continuing to use','',10542),(6203,'Behavioral intention to continue using','',10542),(6204,'Cultural (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6205,'Leisure (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6206,'Work (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6207,'Educational (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6208,'Health and Safety (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6209,'Financial (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6210,'Consumer (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6211,'Family (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6212,'Friend (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6213,'Social (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6214,'Self (MDS experience satisfaction)','',10588),(6215,'A','',10717),(6216,'B','',10717),(6217,'BI&A USE','Business intelligence and analytics',10719),(6218,'Absorptive capacity','absorptive capacity as a mediation mechanism to the BI&A use -innovation ambidexterity relationship',10719),(6219,'Innovation ambidexterity','',10719),(6220,'Firm performance','',10719),(6221,'ESN Use','Enterprise Social Networks',10720),(6222,'Knowledge About “Who Knows What”','',10720),(6223,'Knowledge About “Who Knows Whom”','',10720),(6224,'Awareness of the Content of Coworkers’ Messages','',10720),(6225,'Awareness of Coworkers’ Connections','',10720),(6226,'Management Responsibility','Moderator; \"Do you possess managerial responsibilities in your company?\"',10720),(6227,'Actualized HITA','harmonious IT affordance in an organization',10721),(6228,'Exploratory innovation','exploratory innovation is the development of new products and services',10721),(6229,'Exploitative Innovation','exploitative innovation is the use of existing knowledge, products, and services to better serve existing customers',10721),(6230,'Manufacturer Agility','The ability of a manufacturing firm to respond to a changing market environment in a speedy manner.',10722),(6232,'Operational Flexibility','The capacity of a manufacturing firm to efficiently support changes in product or service offerings produced in conjunction with its key supplier.',10722),(6233,'Relationship Flexibility','The capacity of a manufacturer to adapt and modify the relationship with its key supplier',10722),(6234,'IOS Integration','A manufacturing firm’s information systems linked with its key supplier’s information systems as a unified whole to facilitate bidirectional information sharing and accessing. IOS-Driver - moderator',10722),(6235,'IOS-enabled Analytical Ability','The ability of IOS in providing data and analytical tools to support decision making with respect to the functions inter-firm operations.  IOS-Driver - moderator',10722),(6236,'Internal electronic integration','The extent to which IS applications of a unit work as a functional whole.',10723),(6237,'External electronic integration','The extent to which IS applications of a unit work as a functional whole in conjunction with the IS applications of external partners outside of the business unit.',10723),(6238,'Internal process coupling','The extent to which process activities of a unit are intermeshed such that they are operationally coordinated.',10723),(6239,'External process coupling','The extent to which process activities of a unit are intermeshed with external partners such that they are\r\noperationally coordinated.',10723),(6240,'Knowledge exploitation','Knowledge exploitation is defined as the extent to which a business unit leverages existing domains of\r\nknowledge from inside the unit.',10723),(6241,'Knowledge exploration','Knowledge exploration is defined as the extent to which a business unit appropriates new domains of\r\nknowledge such as from sources outside of the unit.',10723),(6242,'Sensing','The ability to detect changes and developments in the environment external to the business unit (such as\r\ncustomer environment, market environment, competitor environment).',10723),(6243,'Responding','The ability to respond to changes and developments in the environment external to the business unit (such as customer environment, market environment, and competitor environment).',10723),(6244,'Formal Communication Quality','An individual’s perception of the quality of information provided by the organization about what the new IT\r\ndoes, how it will affect the individual’s work, why it is being implemented and when it is going to be\r\nimplemented',10724),(6245,'Performance Expectancy','The degree to which an individual believes that using the new IT will help him or her to attain gains in job\r\nperformance (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 447).',10724),(6246,'Effort Expectancy','The degree of ease associated with the use of the new IT (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p. 450).',10724),(6247,'Anxiety','A state of distress or physiological arousal in response to stimuli including novel situations and the potential for undesirable outcomes (Brooks and Schweitzer, 2011, p. 44).',10724),(6248,'Enthusiasm','A highly aroused and positive state in response to potential desirable outcomes or rewards (Russell, 1980;\r\nShiota et al., 2011).',10724),(6249,'Intention to Seek Emotional Support','The intention to seek from colleagues moral support, sympathy, or understanding of the individual’s feeling\r\nabout the new IT (Carver et al., 1989).',10724),(6250,'Intention to Seek Instrumental Support','The intention to seek from colleagues advice, assistance, or information about the new IT (Carver et al.,\r\n1989).',10724);

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--
-- Table structure for table `disknet_modelimage`
--

CREATE TABLE `disknet_modelimage` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `image` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
  `publication_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `disknet_modelimage_publication_id_fc1473f0_fk_disknet_p` (`publication_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `disknet_modelimage_publication_id_fc1473f0_fk_disknet_p` FOREIGN KEY (`publication_id`) REFERENCES `disknet_publication` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1015 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `disknet_modelimage`
--

INSERT INTO `disknet_modelimage` VALUES 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INSERT INTO `disknet_publication` VALUES (4,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,1,'Understanding Digital Inequality: Comparing Continued Use Behavioral Models of the Socio-Economically Advantaged and Disadvantaged','J. J. Po-An Hsieh, Arun Rai, and Mark Keil','Hsieh2008','97-126','Digital inequality is one of the most critical issues in the knowledge economy. The private and public sectors have devoted tremendous resources to address such inequality, yet the results are inconclusive. Theoretically grounded empirical research is needed both to expand our understanding of digital inequality and to inform effective policy making and intervention. The context of our investigation is a city government project, known as the LaGrange Internet TV initiative, which allowed all city residents to access the Internet via their cable televisions at no additional cost. We examine the residents\' post-implementation continued use intentions through a decomposed theory of planned behavior perspective, which is elaborated to include personal network exposure. Differences in the behavioral models between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged users who have direct usage experience are theorized and empirically tested. The results reveal distinct behavioral models and isolate the key factors that differentially impact the two groups. The advantaged group has a higher tendency to respond to personal network exposure. Enjoyment and confidence in using information and communication technologies, availability, and perceived behavioral control are more powerful in shaping continued ICT use intention for the disadvantaged. Implications for research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25148830.pdf',NULL,''),(14,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,3,'Predicting Different Conceptualizations of System Use: The Competing Roles of Behavioral Intention, Facilitating Conditions, and Behavioral Expectation','Viswanath Venkatesh, Susan A. Brown, Likoebe M. Maruping, and Hillol Bala','Venkatesh et al. 2008','483-502','Employees\' underutilization of new information systems undermines organizations\' efforts to gain benefits from such systems. The two main predictors of individual-level system use in prior research-behavioral intention and facilitating conditions-have limitations that we discuss. We introduce behavioral expectation as a predictor that addresses some of the key limitations and provides a better understanding of system use. System use is examined in terms of three key conceptualizations: duration, frequency, and intensity. We develop a model that employs behavioral intention, facilitating conditions, and behavioral expectation as predictors of the three conceptualizations of system use. We argue that each of these three determinants play different roles in predicting each of the three conceptualizations of system use. We test the proposed model in the context of a longitudinal field study of 321 users of a new information system. The model explains 65 percent, 60 percent, and 60 percent of the variance in duration, frequency, and intensity of system use respectively. We offer theoretical and practical implications for our findings.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25148853.pdf',NULL,''),(15,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,3,'Internet Users? Information Privacy-Protective Responses: A Taxonomy and a Nomological Model','Jai-Yeol Son and Sung S. Kim','Son2008','503-529','Although Internet users are expected to respond in various ways to privacy threats from online companies, little attention has been paid so far to the complex nature of how users respond to these threats. This paper has two specific goals in its effort to fill this gap in the literature. The first, so that these outcomes can be systematically investigated, is to develop a taxonomy of information privacy-protective responses (IPPR). This taxonomy consits of six types of behavioral responses-refusal, misrepresentation, removal, negative word-of-mouth, complaining directly to online companies, and complaining indirectly to third-party organizations-that are classified into three categories: information provision, private action, and public action. Our second goal is to develop a nomological model with several salient antecedents-concerns for information privacy, perceived justice, and societal benefits from complaining-of IPPR, and to show how the antecedents differentially affect the six types of IPPR. The nomological model is tested with data collected from 523 Internet users. The results indicate that some discernible patterns emerge in the relationships between the antecedents and the three groups of IPPR. These patterns enable researchers to better understand why a certain type of IPPR is similar to or distinct from other types of IPPR. Such an understanding could enable researchers to analyze a variety of behavioral responses to information privacy threats in a fairly systematic manner. Overall, this paper contributes to researchers\' theory-building efforts in the area of information privacy by breaking new ground for the study of individuals\' responses to information privacy threats.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25148854.pdf',NULL,''),(24,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,1,'Out of Dedication or Constraint? A Dual Model of Post-Adoption Phenomena and its Empirical Test in the Context of Online Services','Sung S. Kim and Jai-Yeol Son','Kim2009','49-70','Sustained website traffic through consumers\' patronage at the post-adoption stages is known as a key to the survival of an online service provider. Although a firm\'s survival depends much on repeated use, whether or not a firm survives is also influenced by a variety of other behavioral outcomes that include, but are not limited to, word-of-mouth, willingness to pay, and inattentiveness to alternatives. Whereas post-adoption research has recently paid attention to repeated use, the information systems field still lacks a systematic investiation into other behavioral outcomes that transcend mere usage. In an attempt to extend the horizons of post-adoption research, we develop and test a model that explains post-adoption behaviors in the context of online services. First, drawing on a dual model of relationship maintenance in consumer behavior research, we propose a conceptual frame-work to study and explain online consumer behavior. In particular, our model predicts that two contrasting mechanisms, that is, dedication and constraint, are the main drivers of post-adoption phenomena (i.e., consumers\' post-adoption reactions to online services—beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors). We empirically test the proposed dual model through the use of data collected from 510 users of online portals. The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicate that, as expected, the dedication- and constraint-based mechanisms simultaneously, yet differentially, determine online consumer behavior. In general, our findings suggest that it is essential in examining the complex nature of post-adoption phenomena to take into account the interplay of the dedication- and constraint-based mechanisms.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650278.pdf',6,''),(28,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,1,'Power and Concession in Computer-Mediated Negotiations: An Examination of First Offers','Norman A. Johnson and Randolph B. Cooper','Johnson2009','147-170','Negotiation is increasingly being conducted over computer media, such as e-mail and instant messaging, because of the potential for time savings and monetary benefits. However, these media can affect negotiators\' behaviors as they engage in what is called concession making, which is a process by which they make offers that yield benefits to their opponents. In this paper, we focus on how and why conducting negotiations via computer media can affect this process, especially when negotiators have unequal power. Our research model is based on theories from the information systems, negotiation, and social psychology literatures. Via a laboratory experiment, we find that concessions made by the first individual to make an offer (the first mover) were not typically reciprocated by his/her negotiating opponent (the second mover). Thus, in the context of computer-mediated negotiation, it appears that second movers are, among other things, more likely to violate the well-established norm of reciprocity. This can result in significant disadvantages for the first mover, independent of power differences between negotiators. In addition, we find that, contrary to face-to-face negotiations, increased power of one negotiator resulted in his/her having less influence in terms of getting larger concessions from the other negotiator. In general, these findings support the notion that computer-mediated negotiation can be significantly different than face-to-face negotiation.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650282.pdf',NULL,''),(29,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,2,'Interactive Decision Aids for Consumer Decision Making in E-Commerce: The Influence of Perceived Strategy Restrictiveness','Weiquan Wang and Izak Benbasat','Wang2009','203-320','This paper extends the effort—accuracy framework of cognition by taking into account the perceived strategy restrictiveness of decision aids, and tests the extended framework in a context in which online decision aids are used to elicit consumers\' preferences, automate the processing of the preferences, and provide product advice for consumers. Three types of decision aids with different decision strategy support capabilities (an additive-compensatory based aid, an elimination-based aid, and a hybrid aid supporting both strategies) are compared in terms of users\' perceptions of strategy restrictiveness, advice quality, and cognitive effort. These comparisons are grounded on the properties of normativeness and complementarity of decision strategies employed by the aids. A normative strategy takes into account both the users\' attribute preferences and the relative importance of such preferences, and allows for trade-offs among preferences (e.g., additive—compensatory). Strategy complementarity indicates support for decision rules based on multiple strategies (e.g., both additive—compensatory and elimination strategies). The experimental results support the validity of the extended effort—accuracy—restrictiveness framework and the effects of strategy normativeness, but not the effects of strategy complementarity. In addition to the perceptions of cognitive effort and advice quality, perceived strategy restrictiveness exerts a significant influence on consumers\' intentions to use online decision aids. The additive—compensatory aid is perceived to be less restrictive, of higher quality, and less effortful than the elimination aid, whereas the hybrid aid is not perceived to be any different from the additive—compensatory aid.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650293.pdf',NULL,''),(32,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,2,'Adoption of Electronic Health Records in the Presence of Privacy Concerns: The Elaboration Likelihood Model and Individual Persuasion','Corey M. Angst and Ritu Agarwal','Angst2009','339-370','Within the emerging context of the digitization of health care, electronic health records (EHRs) constitute a significant technological advance in the way medical information is stored, communicated, and processed by the multiple parties involved in health care delivery. However, in spite of the anticipated value potential of this technology, there is widespread concern that consumer privacy issues may impede its diffusion. In this study, we pose the question: Can individuals be persuaded to change their attitudes and opt-in behavioral intentions toward EHRs, and allow their medical information to be digitized even in the presence of significant privacy concerns? To investigate this question, we integrate an individual\'s concern for information privacy (CFIP) with the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) to examine attitude change and likelihood of opting-in to an EHR system. We theorize that issue involvement and argument framing interact to influence attitude change, and that concern for information privacy further moderates the effects of these variables. We also propose that likelihood of adoption is driven by concern for information privacy and attitude. We test our predictions using an experiment with 366 subjects where we manipulate the framing of the arguments supporting EHRs. We find that an individual\'s CFIP interacts with argument framing and issue involvement to affect attitudes toward the use of EHRs. In addition, results suggest that attitude toward EHR use and CFIP directly influence opt-in behavioral intentions. An important finding for both theory and practice is that even when people have high concerns for privacy, their attitudes can be positively altered with appropriate message framing. These results as well as other theoretical and practical implications are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650295.pdf',12,''),(33,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,2,'Model of Acceptance with Peer Support: A Social Network Perspective to Understand Employees? System Use','Tracy Ann Sykes, Viswanath Venkatesh, and Sanjay Gosain','Sykes2009','371-393','Prior research has extensively studied individual adoption and use of information systems, primarily using beliefs as predictors of behavioral intention to use a system that in turn predicts system use. We propose a model of acceptance with peer support (MAPS) that integrates prior individual-level research with social networks constructs. We argue that an individual\'s embeddedness in the social network of the organizational unit implementing a new information system can enhance our understanding of technology use. An individual\'s coworkers can be important sources of help in overcoming knowledge barriers constraining use of a complex system, and such interactions with others can determine an employee\'s ability to influence eventual system configuration and features. We incorporate network density (reflecting \"get-help\" ties for an employee) and network centrality (reflecting \"give-help\" ties for an employee), drawn from prior social network research, as key predictors of system use. Further, we conceptualize valued network density and valued network centrality, both of which take into account ties to those with relevant system-related information, knowledge, and resources, and employ them as additional predictors. We suggest that these constructs together are coping and influencing pathways by which they have an effect on system use. We conducted a 3-month long study of 87 employees in one business unit in an organization. The results confirmed our theory that social network constructs can significantly enhance our understanding of system use over and above predictors from prior individual-level adoption research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650296.pdf',NULL,''),(34,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,3,'Web Strategies to Promote Internet Shopping: Is Cultural-Customization Needed?','Choon Ling Sia, Kai H. Lim, Kwok Leung, Matthew K. O. Lee, Wayne Wei Huang, and Izak Benbasat','Sia2009','491-512','Building consumer trust is important for new or unknown Internet businesses seeking to extend their customer reach globally. This study explores the question: Should website designers take into account the cultural characteristics of prospective customers to increase trust, given that different trust-building web strategies have different cost implications? In this study, we focused on two theoretically grounded practical web strategies of customer endorsement, which evokes unit grouping, and portal affiliation, which evokes reputation categorization, and compared them across two research sites: Australia (individualistic culture) and Hong Kong (collectivistic culture). The results of the laboratory experiment we conducted, on the website of an online bookstore, revealed that the impact of peer customer endorsements on trust perceptions was stronger for subjects in Hong Kong than Australia and that portal (Yahoo) affiliation was effective only in the Australian site. A follow-up study was conducted as a conceptual replication, and provided additional insights on the effects of customer endorsement versus firm affiliation on trust-building. Together, these findings highlight the need to consider cultural differences when identifying the mix of web strategies to employ in Internet store websites.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650306.pdf',NULL,''),(35,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,3,'The Integrative Framework of Technology Use: An Extension and Test','Sung S. Kim','Kim2009','513-537','The integrative framework of technology use (IFTU) posits that to fully explain post-adoption phenomena, four mechanisms—namely, reason-oriented action, sequential updating, feedback, and habit—should be taken into account simultaneously in a unified model. Although IFTU sheds light on the four mechanisms underlying technology use, it lacks a coherent theoretical explanation for the underlying force that leads to the four mechanisms. To offer a more generalized and richer description of the four mechanisms, this study extends IFTU by drawing on the process model of memory in cognitive psychology. In addition, based on the extended IFTU paradigm, a three-wave panel model is developed that incorporates not only proximal effects but also distal effects of the four mechanisms on post-adoption phenomena. Three different sets of data (n = 195, 160, and 342, respectively) are used to test the proposed model. The results of data analysis show that, as expected, the four mechanisms have proximal effects on subsequent evaluations and behavior. Furthermore, consistent with the memory perspective, the sequential updating and habit mechanisms are found to have distal effects on post-adoption phenomena even after controlling for their proximal effects. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the memory perspective offers not only a seamless explanation of the four mechanisms underlying technology use but also yields deeper insights that can be validated only through a three-or-more-wave panel study. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating that the extended IFTU paradigm has the potential to serve as a coherent theoretical framework on post-adoption phenomena in which prior experiences are internalized into memories, which in turn regulate later experiences.',1,0,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650307.pdf',6,''),(36,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,3,'Exploring Human Images in Website Design: A Multi-Method Approach','Dianne Cyr, Milena Head, Hector Larios, and Bing Pan','Cyr2009','539-566','Effective visual design of e-commerce websites enhances website aesthetics and emotional appeal for the user. To gain insight into how Internet users perceive human images as one element of website design, a controlled experiment was conducted using a questionnaire, interviews, and eye-tracking methodology. Three conditions of human images were created including human images with facial features, human images without facial features, and a control condition with no human images. It was expected that human images with facial features would induce a user to perceive the website as more appealing, having warmth or social presence, and as more trustworthy. In turn, higher levels of image appeal and perceived social presence were predicted to result in trust. All expected relationships in the model were supported except no direct relationship was found between the human image conditions and trust. Additional analyses revealed subtle differences in the perception of human images across cultures (Canada, Germany, and Japan). While the general impact of human images seems universal across country groups, based on interview data four concepts emerged—aesthetics, symbolism, affective property, and functional property—with participants from each culture focusing on different concepts as applied to website design. Implications for research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650308.pdf',NULL,''),(40,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,4,'Interfirm Strategic Information Flows in Logistics Supply Chain Relationships','Richard Klein and Arun Rai','Klein2009','735-762','This paper focuses on strategic information flows between buyers and suppliers within logistics supply chain relationships and on subsequent relationship-specific performance outcomes. Our analysis of dyadic data collected from 91 buyer—supplier logistics relationships finds that buyer and supplier strategic information flows positively impact the relationship-specific performance of both sharing and receiving parties. Specifically, each party gains financially from improved management of assets, reduced costs of operations, and enhanced productivity. Moreover, each benefits operationally from improved planning, control, and flexibility of resources. Buyer dependence on the supplier increases buyer strategic information flows to the supplier. Additionally, buyer IT customization and both buyer and supplier trusting beliefs in the receiving party positively impact strategic information sharing with partners. This study suggests that partnerships for supply chain services engage in cooperative initiatives to generate relational rents and are an alternative to conventional \"arms length\" transactional exchanges. These partnerships need to be motivated to go beyond the sharing of order-related information (which must occur in transactional exchanges) and to share strategic information (which has the potential for both additional rent generation and risks of misappropriation).',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650325.pdf',NULL,''),(42,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,4,'Selective Status Reporting in Information Systems Projects: A Dyadic-Level Investigation','Charalambos L. Iacovou, Ronald L. Thompson, and H. Jeff Smith','Iacovou2009','785-810','This study investigates selective reporting behaviors that are pursued by project managers when communicating the status of their information system initiatives to their executives. To understand the types, motivations, impacts, and antecedents of such behaviors, a message-exchange perspective is adopted and the prior literature on IS project status reporting is reviewed. This study incorporates an empirical investigation that examined the influence of five dyadic factors on selective reporting using a survey of 561 project managers. The findings of the study reveal a positive effect of reporting quality on project performance and indicate that a specific type of selective reporting behavior (optimistic biasing) has a degrading effect on reporting quality. Moreover, the findings show that all five antecedents have a significant influence on the propensity of project managers to report selectively. Specifically, the project executive\'s power, the project manager\'s trust in the executive, and the executive\'s quality of communication impact selective reporting directly; the executive\'s familiarity with the IS development process and the executive\'s organizational affiliation vis-à-vis that of the project manager have an indirect influence (it is mediated through other factors). The effects of each of these factors on the two types of selective reporting (optimistic and pessimistic biasing) are examined, and the implications of these findings for both researchers and managers are discussed in this article.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20650327.pdf',NULL,''),(44,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,1,'Chasing the Hottest IT: Effects of Information Technology Fashion on Organizations','Ping Wang','Wang2010','63-85','What happens to organizations that chase the hottest information technologies? This study examines some of the important organizational impacts of the fashion phenomenon in IT. An IT fashion is a transitory collective belief that an information technology is new, efficient, and at the forefront of practice. Using data collected from published discourse and annual IT budgets of 109 large companies for a decade, I have found that firms whose names were associated with IT fashions in the press did not have higher performance, but they had better reputation and higher executive compensation in the near term. Companies investing in IT in fashion also had higher reputation and executive pay, but they had lower performance in the short term and then improved performance in the long term. These results support a fashion explanation for the middle phase diffusion of IT innovations, illustrating that following fashion can legitimize organizations and their leaders regardless of performance improvement. The findings also extend institutional theory from its usual focus on taken-for-granted practices to fashion as a novel source of social approval. This study suggests that practitioners balance between performance pressure and social approval when they confront whatever is hottest in IT.',1,0,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20721415.pdf',6,''),(47,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,1,'Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction: Understanding the Role of Enterprise Resource','Michael G. Morris and Viswanath Venkatesh','Morris2010','143-161','Little research has examined the impacts of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems implementation on job satisfaction. Based on a 12-month study of 2,794 employees in a telecommunications firm, we found that ERP system implementation moderated the relationships between three job characteristics (skill variety, autonomy, and feedback) and job satisfaction. Our findings highlight the key role that ERP system implementation can have in altering well-established relationships in the context of technology-enabled organizational change situations. This work also extends research on technology diffusion by moving beyond a focus on technology-centric outcomes, such as system use, to understanding broader job outcomes.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/20721418.pdf',NULL,''),(56,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,3,'Neutralization: New Insights into the Problem of Employee Systems Security Policy Violations','Mikko Siponen and Anthony Vance','Siponen and Vance 2010','487-502','Employees\' failure to comply with information systems security policies is a major concern for information technology security managers. In efforts to understand this problem, IS security researchers have traditionally viewed violations of IS security policies through the lens of deterrence theory. In this article, we show that neutralization theory, a theory prominent in Criminology but not yet applied in the context of IS, provides a compelling explanation for IS security policy violations and offers new insight into how employees rationalize this behavior. In doing so, we propose a theoretical model in which the effects of neutralization techniques are tested alongside those of sanctions described by deterrence theory. Our empirical results highlight neutralization as an important factor to take into account with regard to developing and implementing organizational security policies and practices.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25750688.pdf',NULL,''),(57,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,3,'User Participation in Information Systems Security Risk Management','Janine L. Spears and Henri Barki','Spears2010','503-522','This paper examines user participation in information systems security risk management and its influence in the context of regulatory compliance via a multi-method study at the organizational level. First, eleven informants across five organizations were interviewed to gain an understanding of the types of activities and security controls in which users participated as part of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, along with associated outcomes. A research model was developed based on the findings of the qualitative study and extant user participation theories in the systems development literature. Analysis of the data collected in a questionnaire survey of 228 members of ISACA, a professional association specialized in information technology governance, audit, and security, supported the research model. The findings of the two studies converged and indicated that user participation contributed to improved security control performance through greater awareness, greater alignment between IS security risk management and the business environment, and improved control development. While the IS security literature often portrays users as the weak link in security, the current study suggests that users may be an important resource to IS security by providing needed business knowledge that contributes to more effective security measures. User participation is also a means to engage users in protecting sensitive information in their business processes.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25750689.pdf',NULL,''),(58,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,3,'Information Security Policy Compliance: An Empirical Study of Rationality-Based Beliefs and Information Security Awareness','Burcu Bulgurcu, Hasan Cavusoglu, Izak Benbasat','Bulgurcu et al. 2010','523-548','Many organizations recognize that their employees, who are often considered the weakest link in information security, can also be great assets in the effort to reduce risk related to information security. Since employees who comply with the information security rules and regulations of the organization are the key to strengthening information security, understanding compliance behavior is crucial for organizations that want to leverage their human capital.\r\n\r\nThis research identifies the antecedents of employee compliance with the information security policy (ISP) of an organization. Specifically, we investigate the rationality-based factors that drive an employee to comply with requirements of the ISP with regard to protecting the organization\'s information and technology resources. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, we posit that, along with normative belief and self-efficacy, an employee\'s attitude toward compliance determines intention to comply with the ISP. As a key contribution, we posit that an employee\'s attitude is influenced by benefit of compliance, cost of compliance, and cost of noncompliance, which are beliefs about the overall assessment of consequences of compliance or noncompliance. We then postulate that these beliefs are shaped by the employee\'s outcome beliefs concerning the events that follow compliance or noncompliance: benefit of compliance is shaped by intrinsic benefit, safety of resources, and rewards, while cost of compliance is shaped by work impediment; and cost of noncompliance is shaped by intrinsic cost, vulnerability of resources, and sanctions. We also investigate the impact of information security awareness (ISA) on outcome beliefs and an employee\'s attitude toward compliance with the ISP.\r\n\r\nOur results show that an employee\'s intention to comply with the ISP is significantly influenced by attitude, normative beliefs, and self-efficacy to comply. Outcome beliefs significantly affect beliefs about overall assessment of consequences, and they, in turn, significantly affect an employee\'s attitude. Furthermore, ISA positively affects both attitude and outcome beliefs. As the importance of employees\' following their organizations\' information security rules and regulations increases, our study sheds light on the role of ISA and compliance-related beliefs in an organization\'s efforts to encourage compliance.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25750690.pdf',NULL,''),(59,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,3,'Fear Appeals and Information Security Behaviors: An Empirical Study','Allen C. Johnston and Merrill Warkentin','Johnston 2010','549-566','Information technology executives strive to align the actions of end users with the desired security posture of management and of the firm through persuasive communication. In many cases, some element of fear is incorporated within these communications. However, within the context of computer security and information assurance, it is not yet clear how these fear-inducing arguments, known as fear appeals, will ultimately impact the actions of end users. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of fear appeals on the compliance of end users with recommendations to enact specific individual computer security actions toward the mitigation of threats. An examination was performed that culminated in the development and testing of a conceptual model representing an infusion of technology adoption and fear appeal theories. Results of the study suggest that fear appeals do impact end user behavioral intentions to comply with recommended individual acts of security, but the impact is not uniform across all end users. It is determined in part by perceptions of self-efficacy, response efficacy, threat severity, and social influence. The findings of this research contribute to information systems security research, human—computer interaction, and organizational communication by revealing a new paradigm in which IT users form perceptions of the technology, not on the basis of performance gains, but on the basis of utility for threat mitigation.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/16/25750691.pdf',NULL,''),(62,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,3,'Practicing Safe Computing: A Multimedia Empirical Examination of Home Computer User Security Behavioral Intentions','Catherine L. Anderson and Ritu Agarwal','Anderson 2010','613-643','Although firms are expending substantial resources to develop technology and processes that can help safeguard the security of their computing assets, increased attention is being focused on the role people play in maintaining a safe computing environment. Unlike employees in a work setting, home users are not subject to training, nor are they protected by a technical staff dedicated to keeping security software and hardware current. Thus, with over one billion people with access to the Internet, individual home computer users represent a significant point of weakness in achieving the security of the cyber infrastructure. We study the phenomenon of conscientious cybercitizens, defined as individuals who are motivated to take the necessary precautions under their direct control to secure their own computer and the Internet in a home setting. Using a multidisciplinary, phased approach, we develop a conceptual model of the conscientious cybercitizen. We present results from two studies-a survey and an experiment-conducted to understand the drivers of intentions to perform security-related behavior, and the interventions that can positively influence these drivers. In the first study, we use protection motivation theory as the underlying conceptual foundation and extend the theory by drawing upon the public goods literature and the concept of psychological ownership. Results from a survey of 594 home computer users from a wide range of demographic and socio-economic backgrounds suggest that a home computer user\'s intention to perform security-related behavior is influenced by a combination of cognitive, social, and psychological components. In the second study, we draw upon the concepts of goal framing and self-view to examine how the proximal drivers of intentions to perform security-related behavior identified in the first study can be influenced by appropriate messaging. An experiment with 101 subjects is used to test the research hypotheses. Overall, the two studies shed important new light on creating more conscientious cybercitizens. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/25750694.pdf',NULL,''),(63,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,4,'The Other Side of Acceptance: Studying the Direct and Indirect Effects of Emotions on Information Technology Use','Anne Beaudry and Alain Pinsonneault','Beaudry2010','689-710','Much ado has been made regarding user acceptance of new information technologies. However, research has been primarily based on cognitive models and little attention has been given to emotions. This paper argues that emotions are important drivers of behaviors and examines how emotions experienced early in the emplementation of new IT applications relate to IT use. We develop a framework that classifies emotions into four distinct types: challenge, achievement, loss, and deterrence emotions. The direct and indirect relationships between four emotions (excitement, happiness, anger, and anxiety) and IT use were studied through a survey of 249 bank account managers. Our results indicate that excitement was positively related to IT use through task adaptation. Happiness was directly positively related to IT use and, surprisingly, was negatively associated with task adaptation, which is a facilitator of IT use. Anger was not related to IT use directly, but it was positively related to seeking social support, which in turn was positively related to IT use. Finally, anxiety was negatively related to IT use, both directly and indirectly through psychological distancing. Anxiety was also indirectly positively related to IT use through seeking social support, which countered the original negative effect of anxiety. Post hoc ANOVAs were conducted to compare IT usage of different groups of users experiencing similar emotions but relying on different adaptation behaviors. The paper shows that emotions felt by users early in the implementation of a new IT have important effects on IT use. As such, the paper provides a complementary perspective to understanding acceptance and antecedents of IT use. By showing the importance and complexity of the relationships between emotions and IT use, the paper calls for more research on the topic.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/257507011.pdf',NULL,''),(69,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,1,'Do Ontological Deficiencies in Modeling Grammars Matter?','Jan Recker, Michael Rosemann, Peter Green, and Marta Indulska','Recker et al. 2011','57-79','Conceptual modeling grammars are a fundamental means for specifying information systems requirements. However, the actual usage of these grammars is only poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how properties of these grammars inform usage beliefs such as usefulness and ease of use. In this paper, we use an ontological theory to describe conceptual modeling grammars in terms of their ontological deficiencies, and formulate two propositions in regard to how these ontological deficiencies influence primary usage beliefs. Using BPMN as an example modeling grammar, we surveyed 528 modeling practitioners to test the theorized relationships. Our results show that users of conceptual modeling grammars perceive ontological deficiencies to exist, and that these deficiency perceptions are negatively associated with usefulness and ease of use of these grammars. With our research, we provide empirical evidence in support of the predictions of the ontological theory of modeling grammar expressiveness, and we identify previously unexplored links between conceptual modeling grammars and grammar usage beliefs. This work implies for practice a much closer coupling of the act of (re-)designing modeling grammars with usage-related success metrics.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23043489.pdf',NULL,''),(74,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,2,'What Signals Are You Sending? How Website Quality Influences Perceptions of Product Quality and Purchase Intentions','John D. Wells, Joseph S. Valacich, and Traci J. Hess','Wells et al. 2011','373-396','An electronic commerce marketing channel is fully mediated by information technology, stripping away much of a product\'s physical informational cues, and creating information asymmetries (i.e., limited information). These asymmetries may impede consumers\' ability to effectively assess certain types of products, thus creating challenges for online sellers. Signaling theory provides a framework for understanding how extrinsic cues—signals—can be used by sellers to convey product quality information to consumers, reducing uncertainty and facilitating a purchase or exchange. This research proposes a model to investigate website quality as a potential signal of product quality and consider the moderating effects of product information asymmetries and signal credibility. Three experiments are reported that examine the efficacy of signaling theory as a basis for predicting online consumer behavior with an experience good. The results indicate that website quality influences consumers\' perceptions of product quality, which subsequently affects online purchase intentions. Additionally, website quality was found to have a greater influence on perceived product quality when consumers had higher information asymmetries. Likewise, signal credibility was found to strengthen the relationship between website quality and product quality perceptions for a high quality website. Implications for future research and website design are examined.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23044048.pdf',NULL,''),(78,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,2,'Competing Perspectives on the Link Between Strategic Information Technology Alignment and Organizational Agility: Insights from a Mediation Model','Paul P. Tallon and Alain Pinsonneault','Tallon2011','463-486','Strategic information technology alignment remains a top priority for business and IT executives. Yet with a recent rise in environmental volatility, firms are asking how to be more agile in identifying and responding to market-based threats and opportunities. Whether alignment helps or hurts agility is an unresolved issue. This paper presents a variety of arguments from the literature that alternately predict a positive or negative relationship between alignment and agility. This relationship is then tested using a model in which agility mediates the link between alignment and firm performance under varying conditions of IT infrastructure flexibility and environmental volatility. Using data from a matched survey of IT and business executives in 241 firms, we uncover a positive and significant link between alignment and agility and between agility and firm performance. We also show that the effect of alignment on performance is fully mediated by agility, that environmental volatility positively moderates the link between agility and firm performance, and that agility has a greater impact on firm performance in more volatile markets. While IT infrastructure flexibility does not moderate the link between alignment and agility, except in a volatile environment, we reveal that IT infrastructure flexibility has a positive and significant main effect on agility. In fact, the effect of IT infrastructure flexibility on agility is as strong as the effect of alignment on agility. This research extends and integrates the literature on strategic IT alignment and organizational agility at a time when both alignment and agility are recognized as critical and concurrent organizational goals.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23044052.pdf',NULL,''),(80,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,3,'An Exploration of Organizational Level Information Systems Discontinuance Intentions','Brent Furneaux and Michael Wade','Furneaux and Wade 2011','573-598','Limited attention has been directed toward examining post-adoption stages of the information system life cycle. In particular, the final stages of this life cycle have been largely ignored despite the fact that most systems eventually reach the end of their useful life. This oversight is somewhat surprising given that end-of-life decisions can have significant implications for user effectiveness, the value extracted from IS investments, and organizational performance. Given this apparent gap, a multi-method empirical study was undertaken to improve our understanding of organizational level information system discontinuance. Research commenced with the development of a broad theoretical framework consistent with the technology—organization—environment (TOE) paradigm. The resulting framework was then used to guide a series of semi-structured interviews with organizational decision makers in an effort to inductively identify salient influences on the formation of IS discontinuance intentions. A set of research hypotheses were formulated based on the understanding obtained during these interviews and subsequently tested via a random survey, of senior IS decision makers at U.S. and Canadian organizations. Data obtained from the survey responses was analyzed using partial least squares (PLS). Results of this analysis suggest that system capability shortcomings, limited availability of system support, and low levels of technical integration were key determinants of increased intentions to replace an existing system. Notably, investments in existing systems did not appear to significantly undermine organizational replacement intentions despite support for this possibility from both theory and our semi-structured interviews.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23042797.pdf',NULL,''),(87,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,3,'What If Your Avatar Looks Like You? Dual-Congruity Perspectives for Avatar Use','Kil-Soo Suh, Hongki Kim, and Eung Kyo Suh','Suh2011','711-729','As broadband Internet access and virtual reality technology rapidly expand, virtual worlds and three-dimensional avatars will become more pervasive and widely adopted. In virtual worlds, people assume an identity as an avatar and interact with each other. The objective of this study is to theorize how users form attitudes and intentions regarding avatars in realistic, task-focused virtual world settings. To investigate these effects, this study proposes a conceptual framework based on dual-congruity perspectives (self-congruity and functional congruity). The results show that the more closely an avatar resembles its user, the more the user is likely to have positive attitudes (e.g., affection, connection, and passion) toward the avatar, and the better able to evaluate the quality and performance of apparel products. In the end, these positive attitudes toward an avatar and its usefulness positively affect users\' intentions to use the avatar. Based on this study, we propose that avatars representing users\' actual appearance may be helpful in experiencing and evaluating some business areas related to users\' lives in the real world (e.g., virtual apparel shopping, matchmaking, plastic surgery, fitness clubs, etc.); utilization of such avatars may be a new business opportunity likely to thrive in virtual worlds.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23042805.pdf',NULL,''),(88,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,3,'Enhancing Brand Equity Through Flow and Telepresence: A Comparison of 2D and 3D Virtual Worlds','Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, Brenda Eschenbrenner, and David DeWester','Nah2011','731-747','This research uses theories of flow, telepresence, positive emotions, and brand equity to examine the effect of using two-dimensional versus three-dimensional virtual world environments on telepresence, enjoyment, brand equity, and behavioral intention. The findings suggest that the 3D virtual world environment produces both positive and negative effects on brand equity when compared to the 2D environment. The positive effect of the 3D virtual world environment on brand equity occurs through telepresence, a specific aspect of flow, as well as enjoyment. The negative effect on brand equity can be explained using distraction—conflict theory in which attentional conflicts faced by users of a highly interactive and rich medium resulted in distractions from attending to the brand. Brand equity, in turn, has a positive effect on behavioral intention. The results suggest that although the 3D virtual world environment has the potential to increase brand equity by offering an immersive and enjoyable virtual product experience, the rich environment can also be a distraction. Therefore, developers of virtual world branding sites need to take into account limitations in the information processing capacity and attention span of users when designing their sites in order to avoid cognitive overload, which can lead to users being distracted from branding information. This paper not only provides a theoretical foundation for explaining users\' experience with 2D versus 3D virtual world branding sites, but also provides insights to practitioners for designing 3D virtual world sites to enhance brand equity and intentions through user engagement.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23042806.pdf',NULL,''),(89,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,3,'From Space to Place: Predicting Users? Intentions to Return to Virtual Worlds','Lakshmi Goel, Norman A. Johnson, Iris Junglas, and Blake Ives','Goel2011','749-771','Virtual worlds have received considerable attention as platforms for entertainment, education, and commerce. But organizations are experiencing failures in their early attempts to lure customers, employees, or partners into these worlds. Among the more grievous problems is the inability to attract users back into a virtual environment. In this study, we propose and test a model to predict users\' intentions to return to a virtual world. Our model is based on the idea that users intend to return to a virtual world having conceived of it as a \"place\" in which they have had meaningful experiences. We rely on the interactionist theory of place attachment to explain the links among the constructs of our model. Our model is tested via a lab experiment. We find that users\' intentions to return to a virtual world is determined by a state of deep involvement (termed cognitive absorption) that users experience as they perform an activity and tend to lose track of time. In turn, cognitive absorption is determined by users\' awareness of whom they interact with and how they interact within a virtual world, what they interact about, and where, in a virtual sense, such interaction occurs. Our work contributes to theory in the following ways: it identifies state predictors of cognitive absorption, it conceives of virtual worlds in such a way as to account for users\' experiences through the notion of place, and it explains how the properties of a virtual world contribute to users\' awareness.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23042807.pdf',NULL,''),(91,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,3,'An Odyssey into Virtual Worlds: Exploring the Impacts of Technological and Spatial Environments','Animesh Animesh, Alain Pinsonneault, Sung-Byung Yang, and Wonseok Oh','Animesh et al. 2011','789-810','Although research on three-dimensional virtual environments abounds, little is known about the social and business aspects of virtual worlds. Given the emergence of large-scale social virtual worlds, such as Second Life, and the dramatic growth in sales of virtual goods, it is important to understand the dynamics that govern the purchase of virtual goods in virtual worlds. Employing the stimulus—organism—response (S-O-R) framework, we investigate how technological (interactivity and sociability) and spatial (density and stability) environments in virtual worlds influence the participants\' virtual experiences (telepresence, social presence, and flow), and how experiences subsequently affect their response (intention to purchase virtual goods). The results of our survey of 354 Second Life residents indicate that interactivity, which enhances the interaction with objects, has a significant positive impact on telepresence and flow. Also, sociability, which fosters interactions with participants, is significantly associated with social presence, although no such significant impact was observed on flow. Furthermore, both density and stability are found to significantly influence participants\' virtual experiences; stability helps users to develop strong social bonds, thereby increasing both social presence and flow. However, contrary to our prediction of curvilinear patterns, density is linearly associated with flow and social presence. Interestingly, the results exhibit two opposing effects of density: while it reduces the extent of flow, density increases the amount of social presence. Since social presence is found to increase flow, the net impact of density on flow depends heavily on the relative strength of the associations involving these three constructs. Finally, we find that flow mediates the impacts of technological and spatial environments on intention to purchase virtual products. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the theoretical and practical contributions of our findings.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/23042809.pdf',NULL,''),(93,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,4,'Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications','Ramakrishna Ayyagari, Varun Grover, and Russell Purvis','Ayyagari et al. 2011','831-858','With the proliferation and ubiquity of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it is becoming imperative for individuals to constantly engage with these technologies in order to get work accomplished. Academic literature, popular press, and anecdotal evidence suggest that ICTs are responsible for increased stress levels in individuals (known as technostress). However, despite the influence of stress on health costs and productivity, it is not very clear which characteristics of ICTs create stress. We draw from IS and stress research to build and test a model of technostress. The person-environment fit model is used as a theoretical lens. The research model proposes that certain technology characteristics--like usability (usefulness, complexity, and reliability), intrusiveness (presenteeism, anonymity), and dynamism (pace of change)--are related to stressors (work overload, role ambiguity, invasion of privacy, work-home conflict, and job insecurity). Field data from 661 working professionals was obtained and analyzed. The results clearly suggest the prevalence of technostress and the hypotheses from the model are generally supported. Work overload and role ambiguity are found to be the two most dominant stressors, whereas intrusive technology characteristics are found to be the dominant predictors of stressors. The results open up new avenues for research by highlighting the incidence of technostress in organizations and possible interventions to alleviate it.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41409963.pdf',NULL,''),(94,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,4,'The Value of IT-Enabled Retailer Learning: Personalized Product Recommendations and Customer Store Loyalty in Electronic Markets','Tongxiao (Catherine) Zhang, Ritu Agarwal, and Henry C. Lucas, Jr.','Zhang2011','859-881','Recent research has acknowledged the key role of information technology in helping build stronger and more enduring customer relationships. Personalized product recommendations (PPRs) adapted to individual customers\' preferences and tastes are one IT-enabled strategy that has been widely adopted by online retailers to enhance customers\' shopping experience. Although many online retailers have implemented PPRs on their electronic storefronts to improve customer retention, empirical evidence for the effects of PPRs on retention in sparse, and the limited anecdotal evidence is contradictory. We draw upon the household production function model in the consumer economics literature to develop a theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms through which PPRs influence customer store loyalty in electronic markets. We suggest that retailer learning that occurs as a result of customer knowledge obtained to enable personalization influences the efficiency of the online product brokering activity. Data collected from a two-phase lab experiment with 253 student subjects where the quality of PPRs was manipulated are used to empirically test the predictions of the theoretical model. Empirical analyses of the data indicate that retailer learning reflected in higher quality PPRs is associated with lower product screening cost, but higher product evaluation cost. We further find that higher quality PPRs are associated with greater value derived by consumers from the online product brokering activity in terms of higher decision making quality, which is positively associated with repurchase intention. The paper presents the implications, limitations, and contributions of this study along with areas for future research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41409964.pdf',NULL,''),(97,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,4,'Understanding the Link Between Information Technology Capability and Organizational Agility: An Empirical Examination','Ying Lu and K. (Ram) Ramamurthy','Ramamurthy2011','931-954','Information technology is generally considered an enabler of a firm’s agility. A typical premise is that greater IT investment enables a firm to be more agile. However, it is not uncommon that IT can also hinder and sometimes even impede organizational agility. We propose and theorize this frequently observed but understudied IT–agility contradiction by which IT may enable or impede agility. We develop the premise that organizations need to develop superior firm-wide IT capability to successfully manage their IT resources to realize agility. We refine the conceptualization and measurement of IT capability as a latent construct reflected in its three dimensions: IT infrastructure capability, IT business spanning capability, and IT proactive stance. We also conceptualize two types of organizational agility: market capitalizing agility and operational adjustment agility. We then conduct a matched-pair field survey of business and information systems executives in 128 organizations to empirically examine the link between a firm’s IT capability and agility. Business executives responded to measurement scales of the two types of agility and organizational context variables, and IS executives responded to measurement scales of IT capabilities and IS context variables. The results show a significant positive relationship between IT capability and the two types of organizational agility. We also find a significant positive joint effect of IT capability and IT spending on operational adjustment agility but not on market capitalizing agility. The findings suggest a possible resolution to the contradictory effect of IT on agility: while more IT spending does not lead to greater agility, spending it in such a way as to enhance and foster IT capabilities does. Our study provides initial empirical evidence to better understand essential IT capabilities and their relationship with organizational agility. Our findings provide a number of useful implications for research and managerial practices.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41409967.pdf',NULL,''),(100,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,1,'Shackled to the Status Quo: The Inhibiting Effects of Incumbent System Habit, Switching Costs, and Inertia on New System Acceptance','Greta L. Polites and Elena Karahanna','Polites and Karahanna 2012','21-42','Given that adoption of a new system often implies fully or partly replacing an incumbent system, resistance is often manifested as failure of a user to switch from an incumbent technology to a newly introduced one. Thus,a potential source of resistance to adopting a new system lies in the use of an incumbent system. Using the status quo bias and habit literatures as theoretical lenses, the study explains how use of an incumbent system negatively impacts new system perceptions and usage intentions. We argue that habitual use of an incumbent system, rationalization due to perceived transition costs, and psychological commitment due to perceived sunk costs all encourage development of inertia. Inertia in turn fully mediates the impact of these incumbent system constructs on constructs related to acceptance of the new system via psychological commitment based on cognitive consistency and by increasing the importance of normative pressures. Specifically, we hypothesize that inertia leads to decreased perceptions of the ease of use and relative advantage of a newly introduced system and has a negative impact on intentions to use the new system, above and beyond its impact through perceptions. Finally, we hypothesize that inertia moderates the relationship between subjective norm and intention, such that normative pressures to use a new system become more important in the presence of inertia. Empirical results largely support the hypothesized relationships showing the inhibiting effect of incumbent-system habit, transition and sunk costs, and inertia on acceptance of a new system. Our study thus extends theoretical understanding of the role of incumbent system constructs such as habit and inertia in technology acceptance, and lays the foundations for further study of the interplay between perceptions and cognition with respect to the incumbent system and those with respect to a new system.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41410404.pdf',NULL,''),(110,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,2,'On Product Uncertainty in Online Markets: Theory and Evidence','Angelika Dimoka, Yili Hong, and Paul A. Pavlou','Dimoka2012','395-426','Online markets pose a difficulty for evaluating products, particularly experience goods, such as used cars, that can not be easily described online. This exacerbates product uncertainty, the buyer\'s difficulty in evaluating product characteristics, and predicting how a product will perform in the future. However, the IS literature has focused on seller uncertainty and ignored product uncertainty. To address this void, this study conceptualizes product uncertainty and examines its effects and antecedents in online markets for used cars(eBay Motors).Extending the information asymmetry literature from the seller to the product, we first theorize the nature and dimensions (description and performance) of product uncertainty. Second, we propose product uncertainty to be distinct from, yet shaped by, seller uncertainty. Third, we conjecture product uncertainty to negatively affect price premiums in online markets beyond seller uncertainty. Fourth, based on the information signaling literature, we describe how information signals (diagnostic product descriptions and third-party product assurances) reduce product uncertainty.The structural model is validated by a unique dataset comprised of secondary transaction data from used carson eBay Motors matched with primary data from 331 buyers who bid on these used cars. The results distinguish between product and seller uncertainty, show that product uncertainty has a stronger effect on price premiums than seller uncertainty, and identify the most influential information signals that reduce product uncertainty.The study\'s implications for the emerging role of product uncertainty in online markets are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41703461.pdf',NULL,''),(112,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,2,'Understanding User Revisions When Using Information Systems Features: Adaptive System Use and Triggers','Heshan Sun','Sun 2012','453-478','Post-adoptive system use is often characterized by cycles of adaptation, in which people actively revise how they use information systems. This paper investigates how and why individual users revise their system use at the feature level. A new concept, adaptive system use (ASU), is conceptualized as a user\'s revisions of which and how system features are used. This research identifies four specific ASU behaviors that collectively describe how people revise their use of system features. A model of ASU is developed based on Louis and Sutton\'s (1991) research on how people switch to active thinking from automatic thinking. The model specifies three antecedents of ASU (novel situations, discrepancies, and deliberate initiatives) and two moderators(personal innovativeness in IT and facilitating conditions). An empirical study of 253 Microsoft Office users largely supported the research model. The findings suggest that triggers--including novel situations, discrepancies, and deliberate initiatives--are a significant impetus to ASU. This research also confirms moderating effects of personal innovativeness in IT. The findings also show the relationships among triggers:in addition to their direct impact on ASU, novel situations and deliberate initiatives exert their influence on ASU indirectly by giving rise to discrepancies in system use. Moreover, a cluster analysis identifies three heterogeneous triggering conditions and reveals that people engage in different ASU behaviors under different triggering conditions.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41703463.pdf',NULL,''),(120,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,3,'A Knowledge-Based Model of Radical Innovation in Small Software Firms','Jessica Luo Carlo, Kalle Lyytinen, and Gregory M. Rose','Carlo2012','865-895','In this paper, we adopt the lens of absorptive capacity (ACAP), defined by two dimensions - the knowledge base (consisting of knowledge diversity, depth, and linkages) and routines (consisting of sensing and experimentation) - to explain how a software firm \'s knowledge endowments influence its level of radical information technology innovation during a technological breakthrough. We distinguish three types of IT innovations - base, processes, and service innovation - that form an innovation ecology . We posit that (1) ACAP is a relational construct where the impact of the knowledge base is mediated by routines; (2) IT innovations are either externally adopted or internally generated; and (3) knowledge antecedents associated with different types of innovations differ. We hypothesize a three-step, mediated path (knowledge base ■) sensing experimentation innovation) for external innovation adoption, and a two-step path (knowledge diversity/depth experimentation innovation) for internal innovation creation to explain the software firm \'s level of radical innovation across three IT innovation types. We validate the model through a cross-sector study that examined how 121 small software firms innovated with Internet computing. We confirm the mediated nature of ACAP for external base innovations, which are driven by all three knowledge-based factors as  follows: (1) knowledge depth (direct positive effect); (2) knowledge diversity (mediated three-step path),  (3) knowledge linkages (mediated three step path). Process innovations are externally driven by a three-step mediated path for knowledge linkages, as well as being directly affected by knowledge diversity, but negatively and directly impeded by knowledge depth. Service innovations are not driven by any mediated influence of ACAP, but driven directly by knowledge diversity. At the same time, both service and process innovations are strongly influenced by prior IT innovations: base and/or service. Several directions for future studies of radical IT innovation are propos',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41703484.pdf',NULL,''),(125,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,4,'Impact of User Satisfaction with Mandated CRM Use on Employee Service Quality','J. J. Po-An Hsieh, Arun Rai, Stacie Petter, and Ting Zhang','Hsieh2012','1065-1080','An increasing number of organizations are now implementing customer relationship management (CRM) systems to support front-line employees\' service tasks. With the belief that CRM can enhance employees\' service quality, management often mandates employees to use the implemented CRM. However, challenges emerge if/when employees are dissatisfied with using the system. To understand the role of front-line employee users\' satisfaction with their mandated use of CRM in determining their service quality, we conducted a field study in one of the largest telecommunications service organizations in China and gathered time-lagged data from self-reported employee surveys, as well as from the firm\'s archival data sources. Our results suggest that employees\' overall user satisfaction (UserSat) with their mandated use of CRM has a positive impact on employee service quality (ESQ) above and beyond the expected positive impacts that job dedication (JD) and embodied service knowledge (ESK) have on ESQ. Interestingly, the positive effect of UserSat on ESQ is comparable to the positive effects of JD and ESK, respectively, on ESQ. Importantly, UserSat and ESK have a substitutive effect on ESQ, suggesting that the impact of UserSat on ESQ is stronger/weaker for employees with lower/higher levels of ESK. Finally, ESQ predicts customer satisfaction with customer service employees (CSWCSE); ESQ also fully mediates the impacts of UserSat and ESK, and partially mediates the impact of JD, on CSWCSE. The results of this study emphasize the importance of user satisfaction in determining employees\' task outcomes when use of an information system is mandated.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/41703498.pdf',NULL,''),(136,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,1,'IT-Mediated Customer Service Content and Delivery in Electronic Governments: An Empirical Investigation of the Antecedents of Service Quality','Chee-Wee Tan, Izak Benbasat, and Ronald T. Cenfetelli','Tan2013','77-109','Despite extensive deliberations in contemporary literature, the design of citizen-centric e-government websites remains an unresolved theoretical and pragmatic conundrum. Operationalizing e-government service quality to investigate and improve the design of e-government websites has been a much sought-after objective. Yet, there is a lack of actionable guidance on how to develop e-government websites that exhibit high levels of service quality. Drawing from marketing literature, we undertake a goal approach to this problem by delineating e-government service quality into aspects of IT-mediated service content and service delivery. Whereas service content describes the functions available on an e-government website that assist citizens in completing their transactional goals, service delivery defines the manner by which these functions are made accessible via the web interface as a delivery channel. We construct and empirically test a research model that depicts a comprehensive collection of web-enabled service content functions and delivery dimensions desirable by citizens. Empirical findings from an online survey of 647 respondents attest to the value of distinguishing between service content functions and delivery dimensions in designing e-government websites. Both service content and delivery are found to be significant contributors to achieving e-government service quality. These IT-mediated service content functions and delivery dimensions represent core areas of e-government website design where the application of technology makes a difference, especially when considered in tandem with the type of transactional activity. A split sample analysis of the data further demonstrates our model\'s robustness when applied to e-government transactions of varying frequency.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/document5.pdf',NULL,''),(147,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,2,'Leveraging Digital Technologies: How Information Quality Leads to Localized Capabilities and Customer Service Performance','Pankaj Setia, Viswanath Venkatesh, and Supreet Joglekar','Setia2013','565-590','With the growing recognition of the customer’s role in service creation and delivery, there is an increased impetus on building customer-centric organizations. Digital technologies play a key role in such organizations. Prior research studying digital business strategies has largely focused on building production-side competencies and there has been little focus on customer-side digital business strategies to leverage these technologies. We propose a theory to understand the effectiveness of a customer-side digital business strategy focused on localized dynamics—here, a firm’s customer service units (CSUs). Specifically, we use a capabilities perspective to propose digital design as an antecedent to two customer service capabilities—namely, customer orientation capability and customer response capability—across a firm’s CSUs. These two capabilities will help a firm to locally sense and respond to customer needs, respectively. Information quality from the digital design of the CSU is proposed as the antecedent to the two capabilities. Proposed capability-building dynamics are tested using data collected from multiple respondents across 170 branches of a large bank. Findings suggest that the impacts of information quality in capability-building are contingent on the local process characteristics. We offer implications for a firm’s customer-side digital business strategy and present new areas for future examination of such strategies.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/Setia_Venkatesh_Joglekar_MISQ_2013.pdf',NULL,''),(151,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,3,'Explaining Employee Job Performance: The Role of Online and Offline Workplace Communication Networks','Xiaojun Zhang and Viswanath Venkatesh','Zhang2013','695-722','By distinguishing between employees’ online and offline workplace communication networks, this paper incorporates technology into social network theory to understand employees’ job performance. Specifically, we conceptualize network ties as direct and indirect ties in both online and offline workplace communication networks, thus resulting in four distinct types of ties. We theorize that employees’ ties in online and offline workplace communication networks are complementary resources that interact to influence their job performance. We found support for our model in a field study among 104 employees in a large telecommunication company. The paper concludes with theoretical and practical implications.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/ZhangVenkateshMISQ.pdf',12,''),(162,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,4,'A Longitudinal Study of Herd Behavior in the Adoption and Continued Use of Technology','Heshan Sun','Sun2013','1013-1041','Herd literature suggests that people tend to discount their own beliefs and imitate others when making adoption decisions and that the resulting adoption decisions are fragile and can be easily reversed during the post-adoptive stage. This helps explain why the adoption of a number of new technologies--from Amazon\'s Kindle, to Apple\'s iPod, iPhone, and iPad, to various types of Web 2. 0 technologies--appears to have adoption patterns similar to those of new fashion trends (i. e., an initial en masse acquisition followed by subsequent abandonment). It is important to understand these phenomena because they are strongly related to the staying power of technology. From a herd behavior perspective, this study proposes two new concepts, namely discounting one\'s own information and imitating others, to describe herd behavior in technology adoption. A research model is developed to describe the conditions under which herd behavior in technology adoption occurs, how it impacts technology adoption decision making, and how it influences post-adoptive system use. A longitudinal study is conducted to examine the research model. Findings from this research suggest that the discounting of one\'s own beliefs and the imitating of others when adopting a new technology are provoked primarily by the observation of prior adoptions and perceptions of uncertainty regarding the adoption of new technology. Herd behavior has a significant influence on user technology adoption; however, it does not necessarily lead to the collapse of the user base, as predicted in the herd literature. Instead, imitation can help reduce post-adoption regret and thus serve as a legitimate strategy for choosing a good enough technology, which may or may not be the best option to enhance job performance. People tend to adjust their beliefs when herding and also to revive their discounted initial beliefs to modify their beliefs about the technology at the post-adoptive stage. Findings from this study have significant research and practical implications.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/document4.pdf',NULL,''),(166,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,4,'Changes in Employees? Job Characteristics During an Enterprise System Implementation: A Latent Growth Modeling Perspective','Hillol Bala and Viswanath Venkatesh','Bala2013','1113-1140','Enterprise system implementations often create tension in organizations. On the one hand, these systems can provide significant operational and strategic benefits. On the other hand, implementation of these systems is risky and a source of major disruptions. In particular, employees experience significant changes in their work environment during an implementation. Although the relationship between ES implementations and employees\' jobs has been noted in prior research, there is limited research on the nature, extent, determinants, and outcomes of changes in employees\' job characteristics following an ES implementation. This paper develops and tests a model, termed the job characteristics change model (JCCM), that posits that employees will experience substantial changes in two job characteristics (i.e., job demands and job control) during the shakedown phase (i.e., immediately after the rollout) of an ES implementation. These changes are theorized to be predicted by work process characteristics, namely perceived process complexity, perceived process rigidity, and perceived process radicalness, that in turn will be influenced by technology characteristics (i.e., perceived technology complexity, perceived technology reconfigurability, and perceived technology customization). JCCM further posits that changes in job characteristics will influence employees\' job satisfaction. Longitudinal field studies conducted in two organizations (N = 281 and 141 respectively) provided support for the model. The scientific and practical implications of the findings are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/Bala_Venkatesh_MISQ_2013.pdf',NULL,''),(167,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,4,'Addressing the Personalization-Privacy Paradox/ An Empirical Assessment from a Field Experiment on Smartphone Users','Juliana Sutanto, Elia Palme, Chuan-Hoo Tan, and Chee Wei Phang','Sutanto2013','1141-1164','Privacy has been an enduring concern associated with commercial information technology (IT) applications, in particular regarding the issue of personalization. IT-enabled personalization, while potentially making the user computing experience more gratifying, often relies heavily on the user\'s personal information to deliver individualized services, which raises the user\'s privacy concerns. We term the tension between personalization and privacy, which follows from marketers exploiting consumers\' data to offer personalized product information, the personalization-privacy paradox. To better understand this paradox, we build on the theoretical lenses of uses and gratification theory and information boundary theory to conceptualize the extent to which privacy impacts the process and content gratifications derived from personalization, and how an IT solution can be designed to alleviate privacy concerns. 1 Set in the context of personalized advertising applications for smartphones, we propose and prototype an IT solution, referred to as a personalized, privacy-safe application, that retains users\' information locally on their smartphones while still providing them with personalized product messages. We validated this solution through a field experiment by benchmarking it against two more conventional applications: a base non-personalized application that broadcasts non-personalized product information to users, and a personalized, non-privacy safe application that transmits user information to a central marketer\'s server. The results show that (compared to the non-personalized application), while personalized, privacy-safe or not increased application usage (reflecting process gratification), it was only when it was privacy-safe that users saved product messages (reflecting content gratification) more frequently. Follow-up surveys corroborated these nuanced findings and further revealed the users\' psychological states, which explained our field experiment results. We found that saving advertisements for content gratification led to a perceived intrusion of information boundary that made users reluctant to do so. Overall our proposed IT solution, which delivers a personalized service but avoids transmitting users\' personal information to third parties, reduces users\' perceptions that their information boundaries are being intruded upon, thus mitigating the personalization-privacy paradox and increasing both process and content gratification.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/ca90e14e59bd281a850cfa86e61960a605fe.pdf',NULL,''),(172,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,4,'Assessing the Effects of Benefits and Institutional Influences on the Continued Use of Environmentally Munificent Bypass Systems in Long-Haul Trucking','Kent Marett, Robert F. Otondo, and G. Stephen Taylor','Marett et al. 2013','1301-1312','Commercial truck driving is an essential part of the national supply chain but one that adversely affects the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the potential environmental benefits, among other factors, on continued use of bypass systems that can be discontinued at any time by a driver. The results from our study show that (1) economic benefits and industry pressures positively influence drivers\' use of bypass systems but (2) the environmental benefits of the technology do not, even though system vendors and state transportation agencies emphasize these benefits of the technology. Based on these findings, we conclude that sustainable information systems can be a viable option in a business context if usage leads to economic benefits. Our results and conclusions support the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\'s differentiation of public policy versus business perspectives on sustainable technology.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/document3.pdf',NULL,''),(179,'MIS Quarterly',2014,38,1,'Contribution Behavior in Virtual Communities: Cogntiive, Emotional, and Social Influences','Hsien-Tung Tsai and Richard P. Bagozzi','Tsai2014','143-163','The long-term viability of virtual communities depends critically on contribution behavior by their members. We deepen and extend prior research by conceptualizing contributions to virtual communities in terms of small friendship group–referent intentional actions. Specifically, we investigate cognitive, emotional, and social determinants of shared we-intentions and their consequences for member contribution behavior to the small friendship group to which they belong within a larger community. Using multiple measurement sources and a longitudinal quasi experimental design, we show that group norms and social identity, as well as attitudes and anticipated emotions, contribute to the development of behavioral desires, which in turn influence we-intentions. In addition, subjective norms are less effective than either group norms or social identity in encouraging contribution behavior. Finally, members’ experience levels positively moderate the relationship between we-intentions and contribution behaviors, and differences between collectivistic versus individualistic orientations moderate the effects of social identity and anticipated emotions on the desire to contribute to one’s friendship group in the virtual community. Tests for methods biases were conducted, as well as rival hypotheses. These findings have significant research and managerial implications.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/2014-Tsai_Bagozzi-MISquar1.pdf',NULL,NULL),(182,'MIS Quarterly',2014,38,1,'Swift Guanxi in Online Marketplaces: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication Technologies','Carol Xiaojuan Ou, Paul A. Pavlou, and Robert M. Davison','Ou2014','209-230','The concept of guanxi (i.e., a close and pervasive interpersonal relationship) has received little attention in the literature on online marketplaces, perhaps due to their impersonal nature. However, we propose that computer-mediated communication (CMC) technologies can mimic traditional interactive face-to-face communications, thus enabling a form of guanxi in online marketplaces. Extending the literature on traditional guanxi, we herein introduce the concept of swift guanxi, conceptualized as the buyer’s perception of a swiftly formed interpersonal relationship with a seller, which consists of mutual understanding, reciprocal favors, and relationship harmony.\r\nIntegrating theories of CMC and guanxi, we develop a model that explains how a set of CMC tools (i.e., instant messaging, message box, feedback system) facilitate repeat transactions with sellers by building swift guanxi and trust through interactivity and presence (social presence and telepresence) with sellers. Longitudinal data from 338 buyers in TaoBao, China’s leading online marketplace, support our structural model, showing that the buyers’ effective use of CMC tools enable swift guanxi and trust by enhancing the buyers’ perceptions of\r\ninteractivity and presence. In turn, swift guanxi and trust predict buyers’ repurchase intentions and their\r\nactual repurchases from sellers. We discuss the implications of swift guanxi in online marketplaces with the\r\naid of CMC technologies.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/1356d3e637565b0b75672ed865cdc123ddc3.pdf',NULL,NULL),(187,'MIS Quarterly',2014,38,2,'Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms','Yulin Fang, Israr Qureshi, Heshan Sun, Patrick McCole, Elaine Ramsey, and Kai H. Lim','Fang et al. 2014','407-427','The effects of e-commerce institutional mechanisms on trust and online purchase have traditionally been understood in the initial online purchase context. This study extends this literature by exploring the role of ecommerce institutional mechanisms in the online repurchase context. In doing so, it responds to the emerging call for understanding the institutional context under which customer trust operates in an e-commerce environment. Specifically, this study introduces a key moderator, perceived effectiveness of e-commerce institutional mechanisms (PEEIM), to the relationships between trust, satisfaction, and repurchase intention. Drawing on the theory of organizational trust, and based on a survey of 362 returning online customers, we find that PEEIM negatively moderates the relationship between trust in an online vendor and online customer repurchase intention, as it decreases the importance of trust to promoting repurchase behavior. We also find that PEEIM positively moderates the relationship between customer satisfaction and trust as it enhances the customer’s reliance on past transaction experience with the vendor to reevaluate trust in the vendor. Consistent with the predictions made in the literature, PEEIM does not directly affect trust or repurchase intention. Academic and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/TRUST_SATISFACTION_AND_ONLINE_REPURCHASE.pdf',NULL,''),(267,'MIS Quarterly',2016,40,3,'Capturing the Complexity of Malleable IT Use: Adaptive Structuration Theory for Individuals','Kurt W. Schmitz, James T. C. Teng, and Kimberly J. Webb','Schmitz et al. 2016','663-686','The confluence of widely available malleable technology and the \"bring your own device\" (BYOD) trend creates a new dynamic for information technology innovation in the workplace. Nontechnical users are empowered to adapt pliable technology in the course of normal usage episodes. We develop a theoretical perspective of adaptation behaviors by extending the adaptive structuration theory (AST) to the level of individuals, and present a topology of adaptation behaviors to capture the rich landscape of this emerging phenomenon. Based on this new theoretical perspective, we propose a research model and perform a survey study targeting young professionals to empirically investigate adaptation of malleable IT by users. Our findings reveal the compounding effects of four distinct adaptation behaviors including the insight that task adaptation mediates the effect of technology adaptation on individual performance. This study contributes by providing a theoretical framework for examining adaptation behaviors, extending AST to the level of individuals, and addressing specific criticisms of AST in the information systems literature.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/Schmitz_etal_2016_MISQ_AdapStrucTheoryIndiv.pdf',NULL,''),(328,'MIS Quarterly',2017,41,4,'A Nomological Network of Knowledge Management System Use: Antecedents and Consequences','Xiaojun Zhang and Viswanath Venkatesh','Zhang and Venkatesh 2017','1275-1306','A key objective of knowledge management system (KMS) implementations is to facilitate job outcomes, such as job performance and job satisfaction. Prior KMS research indicates many KMS implementations have failed to achieve their intended job outcomes, such as job performance and job satisfaction, and one important reason for failure could be that employees do not know how to use a KMS to enhance job outcomes. Given that research on this topic is scant and the findings inconsistent, this paper sought to develop a better understanding of the topic. Specifically, we examine how employees can use a small number of KMS features to get a majority of their job tasks done. Limited research has used a systematic approach to identify these features, examined drivers of using these features, and impacts of the use of such features on job outcomes. Based on a literature review, we first identified several KMS features. Then, these features were examined using a qualitative study among 35 employees in a large organization in the finance industry to identify the key KMS features that could contribute positively to job outcomes. We then developed a nomological network of KMS feature use. Leveraging social network theory, we present peer support ties in general, and help-seeking ties and help-providing ties in particular, as key drivers of the use of these features and job outcomes. We also present various competing hypotheses for the effects from peer support to KMS feature use, KMS feature use to job outcomes, and peer support to job outcomes. We conducted a quantitative study (n = 1,441) in the same organization (noted above) to validate our model. Results indicated that our model was largely supported.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/15/document2.pdf',NULL,''),(455,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,2,'Customer Reactions to Service Separation','Hean Tat Keh & Jun Pang','Keh2010','55-70','Recent research suggests that inseparability is not a universal distinguishing characteristic of services and that the consumption of many services is or can be separated from their production. This research defines service separation as customers\' absence from service production, which denotes the spatial separation between service production and consumption. In a series of qualitative and quantitative studies across different services, the authors examine customer reactions to service separation. The results indicate that service separation increases customers\' perceptions of not only access convenience and benefit convenience but also performance risk and psychological risk. Furthermore, these effects differ across services. Specifically, relative to experience services, for credence services, the effects of separation on service convenience are mitigated, and the effects on perceived risk are magnified. Subsequently, the convenience and risk perceptions induced by service separation can influence customers\' purchase decisions and postexperience evaluations. Customers prefer separation for experience services and when they have an established relationship with the service provider. Finally, the authors discuss the theoretical contributions and managerial implications and offer directions for further research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/document1.pdf',NULL,''),(472,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,4,'Governance Mechanisms in Business-to-Business Electronic Markets','Rajdeep Grewal, Anindita Chakravarty, & Amit Saini','Grewal2010','45-62','Rather than relying on traditional relational exchanges, recent technological advances have made it feasible for firms to undertake market-based transactions through information technology–mediated electronic markets. The success of such business-to-business electronic markets depends on the governance practices of the market maker—that is, the firm that manages and administers the electronic market.Market makers use three governance mechanisms to manage electronic markets: (1) monitoring the market participants (i.e., buyers and sellers that participate in the market), (2) building a sense of community among market participants to instill mutual respect and trust, and (3) self-participating in the electronic market to build know-how about how the market functions. Building on transaction cost analysis theory, the authors suggest that the influence of these governance mechanisms on electronic market performance (i.e., meeting strategic and financial objectives) depends on behavioral and external uncertainty in the market. Survey data from market makers show that (1) monitoring is effective for reputed market makers and when demand uncertainty is high, (2) community building is beneficial when pricing is static rather than dynamic, and (3) self-participation is useful when the market maker is well reputed and when the market relies on dynamic pricing.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Governance_Mechanisms_in_Business-to-Business_Elec.pdf',NULL,''),(474,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,4,'Energizing the Reseller\'s Sales Force:The Power of Brand Identification','Douglas E. Hughes & Michael Ahearne','Hughes 2010','81-96','A manufacturer\'s success in the marketplace is contingent in part on its ability to energize its downstream channel members in support of its brands. Gaining the focused effort of the reseller\'s sales personnel is particularly important, and this has become increasingly challenging as resellers broaden their brand portfolios in the wake of industry consolidation. This study reveals a motivating influence that can potentially be harnessed by both manufacturer and channel member: identification. Using a multilevel analysis, the authors explore the sometimes conflicting impact of salesperson brand identification, salesperson organizational identification, and manufacturer–channel member control system alignment on brand and channel member sales performance. The authors also examine favorable extra-role consequences of salesperson brand identification. The results show that while organizational identification strengthens salesperson adherence to controls, brand identification can increase salesperson effort behind a specific brand, and ultimately improved brand performance, even in the face of control systems to the contrary. This suggests that suppliers can exercise influence over the reseller\'s sales force by strengthening the psychological connection between their brands and reseller sales personnel.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Hughes_and_Ahearne_Energizing_the_Resellers_Sales_Force_The_Power_of_Bra_sb8PHJf.pdf',NULL,''),(482,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,5,'Sales, Marketing, and Research-and-Development Cooperation Across New Product Development Stages: Implications for Success','Holger Ernst, Wayne D. Hoyer, and Carsten Rubsaamen','Ernst2010','80-92','Prior research has identified the integration of marketing with research and development (R&D) as a key success factor for new product development (NPD). However, prior work has not distinguished the sales and marketing functions, even though they are distinctive departments within an organization. Therefore, the authors extend prior research and examine the effect of cross-functional cooperation among sales, marketing, and R&D on NPD performance across multiple stages of the NPD process. The authors use multiple-informant data from 424 sales, marketing, and R&D managers as well as project leaders of 106 NPD projects to test several hypotheses. The results show that the cooperation between sales and R&D and between sales and marketing has a significant, positive effect on overall NPD project performance beyond marketing–R&D cooperation. The authors also find that the effect of cross-functional cooperation among sales, marketing, and R&D on overall NPD project performance varies across stages of the NPD process. More specifically, the authors find that sales–R&D cooperation in the concept and product development stages is critical for greater new product success. Sales–marketing cooperation is important in the concept development stage but has surprisingly less impact in the implementation stage.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/8753.pdf',NULL,''),(485,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,6,'Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength: Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation of Two Critical Brand Equity Drivers','C. Whan Park, Deborah J. MacInnis, Joseph Priester, Andreas B. Eisingerich, and Dawn Iacobucci','Park2010','1-17','Research has not verified the theoretical or practical value of the brand attachment construct in relation to alternative constructs, particularly brand attitude strength. The authors make conceptual, measurement, and managerial contributions to this research issue. Conceptually, they define brand attachment, articulate its defining properties, and differentiate it from brand attitude strength. From a measurement perspective, they develop and validate a parsimonious measure of brand attachment, test the assumptions that underlie it, and demonstrate that it indicates the concept of attachment. They also demonstrate the convergent and discriminant validity of this measure in relation to brand attitude strength. Managerially, they demonstrate that brand attachment offers value over brand attitude strength in predicting (1) consumers\' intentions to perform difficult behaviors (those they regard as using consumer resources), (2) actual purchase behaviors, (3) brand purchase share (the share of a brand among directly competing brands), and (4) need share (the extent to which consumers rely on a brand to address relevant needs, including those brands in substitutable product categories).',1,0,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Brand_Attachment_and_Brand_Attitude_Stre.pdf',12,''),(489,'Journal of Marketing',2010,74,6,'Does Accommodating a Self-Serving Partner in an International Marketing Alliance Pay Off?','Daniel C. Bello, Constantine S. Katsikeas, & Matthew J. Robson','Bello2010','77-93','This research examines a firm\'s performance in an international marketing alliance when it responds to a self-serving partner\'s exploitive behavior with accommodation, a cooperative response motivated by the firm\'s commitment to the venture. The authors theorize that a wronged firm\'s payoff from accommodation depends on its approach to monitoring, either employing overt surveillance or relying on its partner\'s self-control. Overt surveillance is believed to undermine accommodation\'s ability to convince a selfish partner that cooperation is beneficial and not inconsistent with its self-interest. In contrast, because no or low monitoring is a relational approach to evaluation, it tends to reinforce accommodation, persuading a competitive partner to reciprocate cooperatively. Data collected from 174 international marketing alliances support the authors\' prediction that under low monitoring, accommodation is positively associated with performance in the alliance. Unexpectedly, under high monitoring, performance is greatest under both low and high accommodation. An explanation may lie in accommodation theory\'s notion that as accommodation increases, a selfish partner transitions from competition to cooperation, ceasing to exploit accommodation and upturning performance.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/document.pdf',NULL,''),(498,'Journal of Marketing',2011,75,1,'Emotional Intelligence in Marketing Exchanges','Blair Kidwell, David M. Hardesty, Brian R. Murtha, & Shibin Sheng','Kidwell2011','78-95','This research examines how sales professionals use emotions in marketing exchanges to facilitate positive outcomes for their firms, themselves, and their customers. The authors conduct three field studies to examine the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) in marketing exchanges on sales performance and customer relationships. They find that EI is positively related to performance of real estate and insurance agents, even when controlling for the effects of domain-general EI, self-report EI, cognitive ability, and several control variables. Sales professionals with higher EI are not only superior revenue generators but also better at retaining customers. In addition, the authors demonstrate that EI interacts with key marketing exchange variables—customer orientation and manifest influence—to heighten performance such that high-EI salespeople more effectively employ customer-oriented selling and influence customer decisions. Finally, the results indicate a complementary relationship between EI and cognitive ability in that EI positively influences performance at higher levels of cognitive ability. These findings have implications for improving interactions between buyers and sellers and for employee selection and training.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/KidwellHardestyMurthaandSheng2011-JM-EIinMarketingExchanges.pdf',NULL,''),(499,'Journal of Marketing',2011,75,1,'Product Development Team Stability and New Product Advantage: The Role of Decision-Making Processes','Rebecca J. Slotegraaf & Kwaku Atuahene-Gima','Slotegraaf2011','96-108','Innovation scholars have long touted the value of cross-functional teams, and though firms have embraced a cross-functional design in their new product development (NPD) teams, these teams continue to face challenges. Stability in an NPD team may offer important advantages for decision making; however, its effectiveness as a structural coordination mechanism remains largely unexplored. Therefore, to offer insight into the value of NPD team stability, the authors develop a process-based model that examines the extent to which stability influences certain decision-making processes, which in turn influence new product advantage. They examine these relationships with a sample of cross-functional NPD project teams from 208 high-technology firms. The results reveal that the degree of stability in an NPD project team has a curvilinear relationship to team-level debate and decision-making comprehensiveness. In turn, whereas debate is positively related to decision comprehensiveness, decision comprehensiveness is positively related to new product advantage only at high levels. These curvilinear patterns shed light on anecdotal evidence that currently attributes success to both stable and unstable project teams.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Product_Development_Team_Stability_and_N.pdf',NULL,''),(501,'Journal of Marketing',2011,75,2,'Performance Implications of Mismatched Governance Regimes Across External and Internal Relationships','Alok Kumar, Jan B. Heide, & Kenneth H. Wathne','Kumar2011','1-17','This article examines how a manufacturer\'s governance of an external supplier relationship affects its performance toward a downstream retail customer. In line with sociological and economic theory, a manufacturer\'s reliance on supplier norms and incentives, respectively, promotes performance. However, the performance effect of each external governance mechanism weakens in the presence of a different governance regime within the manufacturer firm itself. Specifically, internal incentives weaken the effect of external norms, and internal norms weaken the effect of external incentives. From a practical standpoint, these findings point to the difficulty of managing sets of relationships that involve different parties and mechanisms. From a theoretical standpoint, they point to the complex interplay between social norms and economic incentives in driving performance outcomes.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/kumar2011.pdf',NULL,''),(506,'Journal of Marketing',2011,75,2,'Return on Interactivity: The Impact of Online Agents on Newcomer Adjustment','Clemens F. Kohler, Andrew J. Rohm, Ko de Ruyter, & Martin Wetzels','Kohler2011','93-108','As service offerings grow in both range and complexity, how service providers and their customers interact is becoming increasingly important. In response to the challenge of optimizing these interactions, companies have introduced sophisticated online “socialization agents,” whose purpose is to help new customers more effectively adjust to and function within the service environment. The objective of these online agents, or virtual employees, is to help customers evaluate new or unfamiliar service offerings, as well as help companies achieve greater levels of service delivery and financial performance. To investigate this, the authors analyze the process by which online agents help both new and current customers adjust to and function within new, unfamiliar, or complex service contexts. They examine the impact of an online agent on account performance in the banking industry. They find that both interaction style and content of the online agent significantly influence the newcomer adjustment process over time, which in turn influences firm-level performance.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/ContentServer.pdf',NULL,''),(528,'Journal of Marketing',2011,75,5,'Is Retail Category Management Worth the Effort (and Does a Category Captain Help or Hinder)?','Richard A Gooner, Neil A Morgan, & William D Perreault Jr.','Gooner2011','18-33','Category management (CM) is challenging for retailers that sell thousands of products across hundreds of categories and often lack the resources and capabilities to manage all of them intensively. Some retailers respond by picking one supplier to be a “category captain” that manages the category—including rivals\' brands—on their behalf. Others worry that influential captains will be opportunistic and that the benefits of intensive CM are simply not worth the costs. However, there is little conceptual development or empirical evidence concerning CM best practices. The authors develop a comprehensive model of retail CM based on a synthesis of field interviews and relevant literature, especially work on governance value analysis theory. Their test of the model using category and financial growth data from U.S. supermarket chains shows that more intensive CM improves results. Furthermore, use of a category captain increases CM effort and results, without increasing opportunism or problems with other suppliers. The authors also find that retailers with more resources are less likely to rely on help from a category captain; yet the level of retailer resources is not related to CM intensity. Thus, “go-it-alone” retailers do not deploy their own resources on CM and miss out on the corresponding performance improvements.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Gooner-Morgan-PerreaultJM2011.pdf',NULL,''),(592,'Journal of Marketing',2013,77,1,'Relationship Velocity: Toward A Theory of Relationship Dynamics','Robert W. Palmatier, Mark B. Houston, Rajiv P. Dant, & Dhruv Grewal','Palmatier2013','13-30','The dynamic components of relational constructs should play an important role in driving performance. To take an initial step toward a theory of relationship dynamics, the authors introduce the construct of commitment velocity— or the rate and direction of change in commitment—and articulate its important role in understanding relationships. In two studies, the authors demonstrate that commitment velocity has a strong impact on performance, beyond the impact of the level of commitment. In Study 1, modeling six years of longitudinal data in a latent growth curve analysis, the authors empirically demonstrate the significance of commitment velocity as a predictor of performance. In Study 2, the authors use matched multiple-source data to investigate the drivers of commitment velocity. Both customer trust and dynamic capabilities for creating value through exchange relationships (i.e., communication capabilities for exploring and investment capabilities for exploiting opportunities) affect commitment velocity. However, trust and communication capabilities become less impactful as a relationship ages, while investment capabilities grow more important. The authors offer three post hoc tenets that represent initial components of a theory of relationship dynamics that integrates two streams of relationship marketing research into a unified perspective.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/2013-JM-Rel-Velocity.pdf',NULL,''),(609,'Journal of Marketing',2013,77,3,'Consumer-Generated Ads: Does Awareness of Advertising Co-Creation Help or Hurt Persuasion?','Debora V. Thompson & Prashant Malaviya','Thompson2013','33-47','Companies increasingly involve consumers in the process of developing advertising and other marketing actions. An important question that has not been explored is whether brands benefit from communicating to consumers who had not been involved in the co-creation process that a target ad was developed by a fellow consumer. The authors propose a skepticism–identification model of ad creator influence, which hypothesizes that disclosing to an audience that an ad was created by a consumer triggers two opposing effects: skepticism about the competence of the ad creator and identification with the ad creator. Four studies demonstrate that the effectiveness of disclosing advertising co-creation depends on factors that hinder skepticism and heighten identification with the ad creator. Specifically, attributing the ad to a consumer is shown to increase persuasion when the audience (1) has limited cognitive resources to scrutinize the message, (2) is given background information about the ad creator that enhances source similarity, and (3) has high loyalty toward the brand. The implications of these findings on marketing theory and practice are discussed.',1,0,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Consumer-Generated_Ads_Does.pdf',12,''),(616,'Journal of Marketing',2013,77,4,'Growing Existing Customers\' Revenue Streams Through Customer Referral Programs','Ina Garnefeld, Andreas Eggert, Sabrina V. Helm, & Stephen S. Tax','Garnefeld2013','17-32','Customer referral programs are an effective means of customer acquisition. By assessing a large-scale customer data set from a global cellular telecommunications provider, the authors show that participation in a referral program also increases existing customers\' loyalty. In a field experiment, recommenders\' defection rates fell from 19% to 7% within a year, and their average monthly revenue grew by 11.4% compared with a matched control group. A negative interaction between referral program participation and customer tenure reveals that the loyalty effect of voicing a recommendation is particularly pronounced for newer customer–firm relationships. A laboratory experiment further demonstrates that referral programs with larger rewards strengthen attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, whereas smaller rewards affect only the behavioral dimension. This article contributes to our theoretical understanding of the roles played by the commitment–consistency principle and positive reinforcement theory as mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of customer referral programs.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/jm.11.0423.pdf',NULL,''),(634,'Journal of Marketing',2013,77,6,'Corporate Social Responsibility in Business-to-Business Markets: How Organizational Customers Account for Supplier Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement','Christian Homburg, Marcel Stierl and Torsten Bornemann','Homburg2013','54-72','Despite the high relevance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in current business practice and the considerable research on CSR outcomes in consumer markets, investigations of its influence on organizational business relationships are scarce. Relying on instrumental stakeholder theory, the authors develop and empirically test a framework of the influence of a supplier\'s CSR engagement on organizational customer outcomes. Findings from an examination of 200 cross-industry supplier–customer dyads reveal positive effects of two facets of a supplier\'s CSR efforts on customer loyalty through distinct mechanisms. Business practice CSR fosters customers\' trust, whereas philanthropic CSR strengthens customer–company identification. The authors distinguish a supplier\'s actual CSR engagement and customers\' perception of these CSR activities. In addition, they consider central contingency factors reflecting uncertainty and dependence in business-to-business relationships that determine the effectiveness of CSR.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/Corporate_Social_Responsibility_in.pdf',NULL,''),(636,'Journal of Marketing',2013,77,6,'Does Knowledge Base Compatibility Help or Hurt Knowledge Sharing Between Suppliers in Coopetition? The Role of Customer Participation','Hillbun (Dixon) Ho and Shankar Ganesan','Ho2013','91-107','Competing suppliers that collaborate to serve downstream original equipment manufacturer customers often encounter partners with overlapping and compatible knowledge bases. Such knowledge base compatibility provides supplier partners the opportunity to exchange knowledge efficiently, leading to greater knowledge sharing. However, the ease of misappropriation of the shared knowledge can offset this beneficial effect. This research proposes that the effect of knowledge base compatibility on supplier partners\' knowledge sharing is moderated by the customer\'s participation in the collaborative effort and by the customer value such effort creates. The results of two empirical studies show that when levels of both customer participation and customer value are high, knowledge base compatibility between supplier partners leads to greater knowledge sharing. In contrast, when customer participation is high but customer value is low, knowledge base compatibility leads to lower levels of supplier knowledge sharing. This investigation validates the importance of key factors related to supplier partners\' opportunity and motivation to share knowledge in coopetitive partnerships.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/14/does_knowledge.pdf',NULL,''),(1605,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,1,'Using an Attribute-Based Decision Support System for User-Customized Products Online: An Experimental Investigation','Arnold Kamis, Marios Koufaris, and Tziporah Stern','Kamis2008','159-177','In the decision support systems literature, most studies have concentrated on the direct effects of DSS use and design on decision outcomes and user performance in the workplace. Fewer DSS studies have integrated decision process variables, such as user beliefs and attitudes, in their models. In this paper, we examine the mediating role of decision process variables in the use of an online customer DSS. We do so through an experimental study of an alternative-based and an attribute-based DSS for product customization by online customers. Using cognitive fit and flow theories, we develop a theoretical model with four mediating decision process variables (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and perceived control) and two of their antecedents: interface design (attribute-based versus alternative-based) and task complexity (choice set size). Our results show that the impact of DSS interface design on behavioral intentions is fully mediated by perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment, although not by perceived control. Specifically, we verify that users of an attribute-based DSS express higher perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment than users of an alternative-based one. In addition, we find that task complexity has an interesting relationship with usefulness and enjoyment, both of which follow an inverted U-shaped curve as choice set size increases. Finally, we find that for users of the alternative-based DSS, perceived ease of use and perceived control decrease as task complexity increases. However, the attribute-based DSS alleviates that decline for both variables. Among other contributions, our results indicate the importance of including decision process variables when studying DSS as well as the complex effect of task complexity on those variables. Our study also provides some important guidelines for online companies that provide customer DSS on their websites, especially the danger of providing too many product choice options that can overwhelm customers and harm their shopping experience.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148832.pdf',NULL,''),(1606,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,1,'The Relative Advantage of Electronic Channels: A Multidimensional View','Vivek Choudhury and Elena Karahanna','Choudhury2008','179-200','The Internet has the potential to fundamentally change the structure of marketing channels, but only if consumers choose to adopt electronic channels. Thus, this paper aims to develop a more nuanced understanding of consumer channel choices. Specifically, it contends that it is important to examine consumers\' intent to adopt electronic channels, not as a monolithic decision, but as a choice they make at each of four stages in the purchase process: requirements determination, vendor selection, purchase, and after-sales service. Innovation diffusion theory suggests that consumers make adoption decisions based on their perceptions of the relative advantage of the innovation. The relative advantage of electronic channels is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct involving a cumulative assessment of the perceived relative merits of channels on three dimensions: convenience, trust, and efficacy of information acquisition. Combining the multidimensional nature of relative advantage with the multistage purchase process, the central assertion, and intended contribution, of this paper is to show that the relative advantage of electronic channels, and the influence of each dimension of relative advantage on the adoption of electronic channels, will vary across the different stages of the purchase process. Survey data were collected from faculty and staff at a large university about their intention to use the web for auto insurance transactions. The results provide support for the multidimensional nature of relative advantage, although the emergent factors do not align neatly with the hypothesized dimensions (convenience, trust, and efficacy of information acquisition) or stages. Results of the study support three conclusions. First, the dimensions along which consumers assess relative advantage blend hypothesized dimensions such as trust and convenience with stages of the purchase process. Second, consumers consider the relative advantage of channels at two distinct stages of the purchase process: gathering information and executing the transaction. Third, different dimensions of relative advantage are critical in predicting consumer channel choice at each stage.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148833.pdf',NULL,''),(1607,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,3,'Emotional Dissonance and the Information Technology Professional','Paige S. Rutner, Bill C. Hardgrave, and D. Harrison McKnight','Rutner2008','635-652','The information technology professional is regularly expected to work with colleagues in both IT and other areas of the organization. During these interactions, the IT employee is expected to conform to occupational or organizational norms regarding the display of emotion. How do these display norms affect the IT professional? This study examines an IT professional\'s emotional dissonance, the conflict between norms of emotional display and an employee\'s felt emotion. Emotional dissonance is studied as a factor of IT professionals\' work exhaustion, job satisfaction, and turnover intention, modeled as an extension to the work of Moore (2000a). The results indicate emotional dissonance predicts work exhaustion better than do perceived workload, role conflict, or role ambiguity, constructs which have long been associated with work exhaustion. Job satisfaction is influenced directly by role ambiguity and work exhaustion. In turn, job satisfaction influences employee turnover intention. We discuss implications of these findings for both IT management and future research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148859.pdf',NULL,''),(1609,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,4,'A Fast Form Approach to Measuring Technology Acceptance and Other Constructs','Wynne W. Chin, Norman Johnson, and Andrew Schwarz','Chin2008','687-703','Nearly all prior studies on the technology acceptance model (TAM) have used Likert scales to measure the model’s constructs, but the use of only this type of scale has two shortcomings. One is that such use prevents us from exposing the model’s constructs to a robust test of their measure and relationships to each other, termed their nomological validity. The other is that such use leaves us unsure about whether or not we have selected an efficient way, in terms of survey completion time, to assess these constructs. Past researchers have used short form scales to address the issue of efficiency, but there are problems that may result from such efforts. In this study, we address both shortcomings by exploring the use of a semantic differential scale, which we refer to as a fast form, to assess the constructs of TAM. In this regard, we do three things. First, we describe how fast form as a scale may be developed. Second, we conduct a psychometric evaluation of the constructs that are measured by the fast form and examine their relationships. Third, we assess the efficiency of the fast form by comparing the time required to complete a survey with it to that which is required to complete a survey with Likert scales. Our results confirm that the constructs that are measured by the fast form are psychometrically equivalent to those that are measured by the Likert scales. The relationship among these constructs was unchanged, providing strong evidence for nomological validity. The fast form also yielded a 40 percent reduction in the survey completion time, proving its superior efficiency. We conclude with a description of the implications of these results for research and practice.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148867.pdf',12,''),(1610,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,4,'Buyer Intention to Use Internet-Enabled Reverse Auctions: The Role of Asset Specificity, Product Specialization, and Non-Contractibility','Sunil Mithas, Joni L. Jones, and Will Mitchell','Mithas2008','705-724','IT-enabled exchanges in electronic markets have significant implications for buyer-supplier relationships. Building on studies that emphasize the role of intangible assets in inter-organizational relationships, this study argues that buyers are less likely to use reverse auctions for supplier relationships involving a high degree of non-contractibility. The argument complements traditional transaction cost economics arguments that focus on the impact of asset specificity and product specialization. We identify six dimensions of non-contractibility: Quality, supplier technological investments, information exchange, responsiveness, trust, and flexibility, which encompass task-based and interaction-based non-contractibility. The study finds that, together with product specialization, these non-contractible elements of inter-organizational relationships have greater explanatory power for reverse auction use than asset specificity. This result highlights the importance of supplier investments in non-contractible elements of exchange relationships in an increasingly dynamic service- and knowledge-based economy.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148868.pdf',NULL,''),(1611,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,2,'A Meta-Analysis of the Role of Environment-Based Voluntariness in Information Technology Acceptance','Jiming Wu and Albert Lederer','Wu2009','419-432','The technology acceptance model (TAM) asserts that ease of use and usefulness are two primary determinants of behavioral intention and usage. A parallel research stream emphasizes voluntariness, a key social influence and contextual variable, as a critical factor in information technology (IT) adoption, but pays little attention to its role in TAM. This paper addresses this particular absence by investigating the impact of environment-based voluntariness on the relationships among the four primary TAM constructs. A meta-analysis of 71 empirical studies provides strong support for the hypotheses that environment-based voluntariness moderates the effects of ease of use and usefulness on behavioral intention, but not the effect of ease of use on usefulness. Moreover, inconsistent with our expectations, environment-based voluntariness does not moderate the effects of ease of use and usefulness on usage. By further analyzing the data set, we suggest this may be because of the relatively small sample size, the presence of other factors, or the inappropriate measurement of usage in previous studies. The current study contributes not only to the distinction between user-based and environment-based voluntariness but also to a more complete understanding of user acceptance of IT across system-use environments.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/20650298.pdf',6,''),(1612,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,3,'Investigating User Resistance to Information Systems Implementation: A Status Quo Bias Perspective','Hee-Woong Kim and Atreyi Kankanhalli','Kim2009','567-582','User resistance to information systems implementation has been identified as a salient reason for the failure of new systems and hence needs to be understood and managed. While  previous research has explored the reasons for user resistance, there are gaps in our understanding of how users evaluate change related to a new information system and decide to resist it. In particular, missing in the explanation of user decision making is the concept of status quo bias, that is, that user resistance can be due to the bias or preference to stay with the current situation. Motivated thus, this study develops a model to explain user resistance prior to a new IS implementation by integrating the technology acceptance and resistance literatures with the status quo bias perspective. The results of testing the model in the context of a new enter prise system implementation indicate the central role of switching costs in increasing user resistance. Further, switching costs also mediate the relationship between other antecedents (colleague opinion and self-efficacy for change) and user resistance. Additionally, perceived value and organizational support for change are found to reduce user resistance. This research advances the theoretical under standing of user acceptance and resistance prior to a new  implementation and offers organizations suggestions for managing such resistance',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/20650309.pdf',12,''),(1617,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,4,'The Impact of Information Technology and Transactive Memory Systems on Knowledge Sharing, Application, and Team Performance: A Field Study','Sue Young Choi, Heeseok Lee, and Youngjin Yoo','Choi2010','855-870','In contemporary knowledge-based organizations, teams often play an essential role in leveraging knowledge resources. Organizations make significant investments in information technology to support knowledge management practices in teams. At the same time, recent studies show that the transactive memory system (TMS)-the specialized division of cognitive labor among team members that relates to the encoding, storage, and retrieval of knowledge-is an important factor that affects a team\'s performance. Yet little is known of how IT support for knowledge management practices in organizations affects the development of TMS. Furthermore, the precise role of TMS on knowledge sharing and knowledge application, which in turn influences team performance, has not been fully explored. In order to close this gap in the literature, we conducted a field study that involved 139 on-going teams of 743 individuals from two major firms in South Korea. Our results show that IT support in organizations has a positive impact on the development of TMS in teams, and that both TMS and IT support have a positive impact on knowledge sharing and knowledge application. Furthermore, we found that knowledge sharing has a positive impact on knowledge application, which in turn has a direct impact on team performance. However, contrary to our expectation, knowledge sharing does not have a direct impact on team performance and its impact on team performance was fully mediated by knowledge application. Our research shows that organizations can improve team members\' meta-knowledge of who knows what through the careful investment in information technology. Finally, our results show that sharing knowledge alone is not enough. Organizations must ensure that shared knowledge is in fact applied in order to improve team performance.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25750708.pdf',NULL,''),(1618,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,1,'How Information Management Capability Influences Firm Performance','Sunil Mithas, Narayan Ramasubbu, and V. Sambamurthy','Mithas2011','237-256','How do information technology capabilities contribute to firm performance? This study develops a conceptual model linking IT-enabled information management capability with three important organizational capabilities (customer management capability, process management capability, and performance management capability). We argue that these three capabilities mediate the relationship between information management capability and firm performance. We use a rare archival data set from a conglomerate business group that had adopted a model of performance excellence for organizational transformation based on the Baldrige criteria. This data set contains actual scores from high quality assessments of firms and intraorganizational units of the conglomerate, and hence provides unobtrusive measures of the key constructs to validate our conceptual model. We find that information management capability plays an important role in developing other firm capabilities for customer management, process management, and performance management. In turn, these capabilities favorably influence customer, financial, human resources, and organizational effectiveness measures of firm performance. Among key managerial implications, senior leaders must focus on creating necessary conditions for developing IT infrastructure and information management capability because they play a foundational role in building other capabilities for improved firm performance. The Baldrige model also needs some changes to more explicitly acknowledge the role and importance of information management capability so that senior leaders know where to begin in their journey toward business excellence.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/23043496.pdf',12,''),(1619,'MIS Quarterly',2011,35,4,'Integrating Technology Addiction and Use: An Empirical Investigation of Online Auction Users','Ofir Turel, Alexander Serenko, and Paul Giles','Turel2011','1043-1061','The purpose of this study was to conceptually replicate the model proposed by Turel, Serenko, and Giles (2011) in the new context of social networking websites. For this, the original instrument was adapted, data from 186 social networking website users were collected, and the model was analyzed by means of Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results supported the ideas advanced in the original study and show that addiction distorts user perceptions of usefulness and enjoyment attributed to the system, which in turn, influence behavioral usage intentions. In contrast to study 2 in the original paper, and in line with study 1 in the original paper, no relationship between addiction and perceived ease of use was observed. Comparing central tendencies across studies, it seems that users of social networking websites are more likely to exhibit technology addiction symptoms than users of online auction websites. The results ultimately imply that context matters in technology addiction research since it can alter some aspects of the measurement model, nomological network, and construct means.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/41409972.pdf',NULL,''),(1624,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,1,'Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology','Viswanath Venkatesh, James Y. L. Thong, and Xin Xu','Venkatesh2012','157-178','This paper extends the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to study acceptance and use of technology in a consumer context. Our proposed UTAUT2 incorporates three constructs into UTAUT: hedonic motivation, price value, and habit. Individual differences — namely, age, gender, and experience — are hypothesized to moderate the effects of these constructs on behavioral intention and technology use. Results from a two-stage online survey, with technology use data collected four months after the first survey, of 1,512 mobile Internet consumers supported our model. Compared to UTAUT, the extensions proposed in UTAUT2 produced a substantial improvement in the variance explained in behavioral intention (56 percent to 74 percent) and technology use (40 percent to 52 percent). The theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.',1,0,'pdfs/2018/09/04/41410412.pdf',6,''),(1631,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,4,'The Effectiveness of Online Shopping Characteristics and Well-Designed Websites on Satisfaction','Jifeng Luo, Sulin Ba, and Han Zhang','Luo2012','1131-1144','Electronic commerce has grown rapidly in recent years. However, surveys of online customers continue to indicate that many remain unsatisfied with their online purchase experiences. Clearly, more research is needed to better understand what affects customers\' evaluations of their online experiences. Through a large dataset gathered from two online websites, this study investigates the importance of product uncertainty and retailer visibility in customers\' online purchase decisions, as well as the mitigating effects of retailer characteristics. We find that high product uncertainty and low retailer visibility have a negative impact on customer satisfaction. However, a retailer\'s service quality, website design, and pricing play important roles in mitigating the negative impact of high product uncertainty and low retailer visibility. Specifically, service quality can mitigate the negative impacts of low retailer visibility and high product uncertainty in online markets. Website design, on the other hand, helps to reduce the impact of product uncertainty when experience goods are involved.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/41703501.pdf',NULL,''),(1633,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,1,'Internet Privacy Concerns: An Integrated Conceptualization and Four Empirical Studies','Weiyin Hong and James Y. L. Thong','Hong 2013','275-298','Internet privacy concerns (IPC) is an area of study that is receiving increased attention due to the huge amount of personal information being gathered, stored, transmitted, and published on the Internet. While there is an emerging literature on IPC, there is limited agreement about its conceptualization in terms of its key dimensions and its factor structure. Based on the multidimensional developmental theory and a review of the prior literature, we identify alternative conceptualizations of IPC. We examine the various conceptualizations of IPC with four online surveys involving nearly 4,000 Internet users. As a baseline, study 1 compares the integrated conceptualization of IPC to two existing conceptualizations in the literature. While the results provide support for the integrated conceptualization, the second-order factor model does not outperform the correlated first-order factor model. Study 2 replicates the study on a different sample and confirms the results of study 1. We also investigate whether the prior results are affected by the different perspectives adopted in the wording of items in the original instruments. In study 3, we find that focusing on one’s concern for websites’ behavior (rather than one’s expectation of websites’ behavior) and adopting a consistent perspective in the wording of the items help to improve the validity of the factor structure. We then examine the hypothesized third-order conceptualizations of IPC through a number of alternative higher-order models. The empirical results confirm that, in general, the third-order conceptualizations of IPC outperform their lower-order alternatives. In addition, the conceptualization of IPC that has the best fit with the data contains a third-order general IPC factor, two second-order factors of interaction management and information management, and six first-order factors (i.e., collection, secondary usage, errors, improper access, control, and awareness). Study 4 cross-validates the results with another dataset and examines IPC within the context of a nomological network. The results confirm that the third-order conceptualization of IPC has nomological validity, and it is a significant determinant of both trusting beliefs and risk beliefs. Our research helps to resolve inconsistencies in the key underlying dimensions of IPC, the factor structure of IPC, and the wording of the original items in prior instruments of IPC. Finally, we discuss the implications of this research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/neu.pdf',NULL,''),(1637,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,3,'Integrating Service Quality with System and Information Quality: An Empirical Test in the E-Service Context','Jingjun (David) Xu, Izak Benbasat, and Ronald T. Cenfetelli','Xu2013','777-794','Wixom and Todd (2005) integrated the user satisfaction and the technology acceptance literatures to theorize about and account for the influence of the information technology artifact on usage. Based on Wixom and Todd\'s integrated model of technology usage, we propose the 3Q model by investigating the role of service quality (SQ), in addition to system quality (SysQ) and information quality (IQ), in website adoption. Attention to SQ is critical, as consumer websites have increasingly become the target of SQ assessment made by consumers, not just traditional SysQ and IQ evaluations. As part of our study, we further theorize and empirically test the relationships among these three types of quality constructs and hypothesize that perceived SysQ influences perceived IQ and perceived SQ, and perceived IQ influences perceived SQ. Our study extends the Wixom and Todd model in the e-service context and is the first of its kind to empirically examine the combined impact of perceived SQ, perceived SysQ, and perceived IQ on usage intention. Our study advances the theoretical understanding of SQ and the relationships among perceptions of SysQ, IQ, and SQ in the eservice context. The results also inform practitioners that high IQ and SysQ can directly or indirectly improve SQ in the e-service context.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/e02dfa9f3b3798d23594777f5a4e98ff6557.pdf',NULL,''),(1672,'International Journal of Information Management',2013,33,0,'Purchasing behavior in social virtual worlds: An examination of Habbo Hotel','Matti Mäntymäkia, Jari Salo','Mäntymäkia and Salo 2013','282-290','Spending real money on virtual goods and services has become a popular form of online consumer behavior, particularly among teenagers. This study builds on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to examine the role of motivation, social influence, measured with perceived network size as well as user interface and facilitating conditions in predicting the intention to engage in purchasing in social virtual worlds. The research model is tested with data from 1045 users of Habbo Hotel, world\'s most popular virtual world for teenagers. The results underscore the role of perceived network size and motivational factors in explaining in-world purchase decisions. The study shows that virtual purchasing behavior is substantially influenced by the factors driving usage behavior. Hence, virtual purchasing can be understood as a means to enhance the user experience. For virtual world operators, reinforcing the sense of presence of user\'s social network offers a means to promote virtual purchasing.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/1-s2.0-S0268401212001715-main.pdf',NULL,''),(1673,'International Journal of E-Business Research',2007,4,3,'How consumer Perceptions of network size and social Interactions Influence the Intention to adopt Peer-to-Peer Technologies','Jaeki Song, Eric Walden','Song and Walden 2007','49-66','People join peer-to-peer networks for economic and social reasons. From an economic perspective,\r\npeople join peer-to-peer (P2P) networks based on the size of the networks. However, from a sociological\r\nperspective, when people adopt technologies, they create an alternative social network motivated by extrinsic\r\nand intrinsic rewards. In this study, we develop a conceptual framework for measuring the impact\r\nof economic and social factors drawn from theories of network externalities and social exchange. The\r\npreliminary data analyses show that perceived size of network influences perceived network externalities,\r\nand in turn, network externalities have an impact on intention to adopt P2P technologies. In addition, we\r\nfound that social benefit is also an important antecedent of adopting P2P technologies. Our preliminary\r\nresults provide insights on how people reconcile economic and social considerations when choosing to\r\nadopt a P2P technology.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/5060866e1faf1c841dedc38527cbda9e41b5.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10001,'MIS Quarterly',1992,16,2,'Perceived usefulness, ease of use and usage of information technology: a replication','Adams, D','Adams1992','227-247','This paper presents the findings of two studies that replicate previous work by Fred Davis on the subject of perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology. The two studies focus on evaluating the psychometric properties of the ease of use and usefulness scales, while examining the relationship between ease of use, usefulness, and system usage. Study 1 provides a strong assessment of the convergent validity of the two scales by examining heterogeneous user groups dealing with heterogeneous implementations of messaging technology. In addition, because one might expect users to share similar perspectives about voice and electronic mail, the study also represents a strong test of discriminant validity. In this study a total of 118 respondents from 10 different organizations were surveyed for their attitudes toward two messaging technologies: voice and electronic mail. Study 2 complements the approach taken in Study 1 by focusing on the ability to demonstrate discriminant validity. Three popular software applications (WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, and Harvard Graphics) were examined based on the expectation that they would all be rated highly on both scales. In this study a total of 73 users rated the three packages in terms of ease of use and usefulness. The results of the studies demonstrate reliable and valid scales for measurement of perceived ease of use and usefulness. In addition, the paper tests the relationships between ease of use, usefulness, and usage using structural equation modelling. The results of this model are consistent with previous research for Study 1, suggesting that usefulness is an important determinant of system use. For Study 2 the results are somewhat mixed, but indicate the importance of both ease of use and usefulness. Differences in conditions of usage are explored to explain these findings.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/249577.pdf',12,''),(10003,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,1,'Extending the Understanding of End User Information Systems Satisfaction Formation: An Equitable Needs Fulfillment Model Approach.','Au, N','Au2008','43-66','End user satisfaction (EUS) is critical to successful information systems implementation. Many EUS studies in the past have attempted to identify the antecedents of EUS, yet most of the relationships found have been criticized for their lack of a strong theoretical underpinning. Today it is generally understood that IS failure is due to psychological and organizational issues rather than technological issues, hence individual differences must be addressed. This study proposes a new model with an objective to extend our understanding of the antecedents of EUS by incorporating three well-founded theories of motivation, namely expectation theory, needs theory, and equity theory. The uniqueness of the model not only recognizes the three different needs (i.e., work performance, relatedness, and self-development) that users may have with IS use, but also the corresponding inputs required from each individual to achieve those needs fulfillments, which have been ignored in most previous studies. This input/needs fulfillment ratio, referred to as equitable needs fulfillment, is likely to vary from one individual to another and satisfaction will only result in a user if the needs being fulfilled are perceived as \"worthy\" to obtain.The partial least squares (PLS) method of structural equation modeling was used to analyze 922 survey returns collected form the hotel and airline sectors. The results of the study show that IS end users do have different needs. Equitable work performance fulfillment and equitable relatedness fulfillment play a significant role in affecting the satisfaction of end users. The results also indicate that the impact of perceived IS performance expectations on EUS is not as significant as most previous studies have suggested. The conclusion is that merely focusing on the technical soundness of the IS and the way in which it benefits employees may not be sufficient. Rather, the input requirements of users for achieving the corresponding needs fulfillments also need to be examined.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148828.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10007,'MIS Quarterly',2000,24,2,'System Life Expectancy and the Maintenance Effort: Exploring their Equilibration','Burton Swanson, E','Swanson2000','277-297','Aging information systems are expensive to maintain and most are eventually retired and replaced. But what determines (in the choices made by managers) whether and when a system reaches end-of-life? What shapes managers\' judgements about a system\'s remaining life expectancy and do these judgments influence the maintenance effort itself? System maintenance and prospective replacement are examined here In new terms, positing that managers \"equilibrate\" (balance) their allocation of maintenance effort with their expectations of a system\'s remaining \'Ron Weber was the accepting senior editor for this paper. life. Drawing from data on 758 systems among 54 organizations, support is found for an exploratory structural equation model in which the relationship between maintenance effort and remaining life\' expectancy is newly explained. A \"portfolio effect,\" reflecting a system\'s familial complexity, is also found to be directly and positively related to the maintenance effort. A further finding is that a system\'s size is directly and positively associated with its remaining life expectancy. Notwith- standing normative research suggesting the cont- rary, larger systems may tend to be longer-lived than smaller systems. Practically, the suggestion is made that better documented and monitored portfolios, together with regular, periodic perfor- mance assessments, can lead to better manage- ment of systems\' life cycles.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/3250939.pdf',12,''),(10010,'MIS Quarterly',1995,19,2,'On the use, usefulness, and ease of use of structural equation modeling in MIS research: a note of caution','Chin, W.W.','Chin1995','237-246','Structural equation modeling (SEM) using LISREL, EOS, PLS, or other second genration data analysis techniques is increasingly being applied in MIS research. These techniques are important because they provide powerful ways to address key IS research problems such as understanding IT usage. However, they may lead to inappropriate conclusions if statistical criteria are permitted to drive analysis and override substantive understanding of a problem. The purpose of this note is to suggest the need for caution in the application of structural equation modeling and, in particular, to emphasize the need for substantive knowledge to drive modeling, exploration, and interpretation of results. The application of SEM in the absence of well-developed substantive knowledge can lead to equivocal results and may distract researchers from promising research paths.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/249690.pdf',12,''),(10012,'MIS Quarterly',1995,19,2,'Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test','Compeau, Deborah','Compeau1995','189-211','This paper discusses the role of individuals\' beliefs about their abilities to competently use computers (computer self-efficacy) in the determination of computer use. A survey of Canadian managers and professionals was conducted to develop and validate a measure of computer self-efficacy and to assess both its impacts and antecedents. Computer selfefficacy was found to exert a significant influence on individuals\' expectations of the outcomes of using computers, their emotional reactions to computers (affect and anxiety), as weli as their actual computer use. An individual\'s self-efficacy and outcome expectations were found to be positively influenced by the encouragement of others in their work group, as well as others\' use of computers. Thus, self-efficacy represents an important individual trait, which moderates organizational influences (such as encouragement and support) on an individual\'s decision to use computers. Understanding self-efficacy, then, is important to the successful implementation of systems in organizations. The existence of a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy makes assessment possible and should have implications for organizational support, training, and implementation.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/249688.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10014,'MIS Quarterly',2003,27,1,'CIO Lateral Influence Behaviors: Gaining Peers\' Commitment to Strategic Information Systems','Enns, Harvey G','Enns2003','155-176','In order to develop and bring to fruition strategic information systems (SIS) projects, chief information officers (CIOs) must be able to effectively influence their peers. This research examines the relationship between CIO influence behaviors and the successfulness of influence outcomes, utilizing a revised model initially developed by Yukl (1994). Focused interviews were first conducted with CIOs and their peers to gain insights into the phenomenon. A survey instrument was then developed and distributed to a sample of CIO and peer executive pairs to gather data with which to test a research model. A total of 69 pairs of surveys were eventually used for data analysis. The research model was found to be generally meaningful in the CIO-top management context. Furthermore, the influence behaviors rational persuasion and personal appeal exhibited significant relationships with peer commitment, whereas exchange and pressure were significantly related to peer resistance. These results provide useful guidance to CIOs who wish to propose strategic information systems to peers.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/CIO_Lateral_Influence_Behaviors__Gaining_Peers_Commitment_to_Str.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10018,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,1,'The role of service level agreements in relational management of information technology outsourcing: An empirical study','Goo, J.','Goo2009','119-145','This study extends the view that formal contracts and relational governance function as complements rather than as substitutes. We investigate how specific characteristics of service level agreements (SLAs) impact relational governance in information technology outsourcing relationships. Eleven contractual elements (categorized into three SLA characteristics: foundation, change, and governance characteristics) are hypothesized to act as complements of three relational governance attributes: relational norms, harmonious conflict resolution, and mutual dependence. Data for the study were collected through a survey of South Korean IT executives. Results of the study support the fundamental proposition of complementarity between formal contracts and relational governance, and indicate that well-structured SLAs have significant positive influence on the various aspects of relational governance in IT outsourcing relationships. However, the study also reveals that change characteristics of SLAs may act as a substitute for relational governance as these characteristics were found to dampen the level of trust and commitment through moderation effects. Overall, the findings support the proposition that well-developed SLAs not only provide a way to measure the service provider\'s performance, but also enable effective management of outsourcing engagements through the development of partnership-style relationships with high levels of trust and commitment.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/20650281.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10021,'MIS Quarterly',1997,21,3,'Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: a structural equation model','Igbaria, Magid','Igbaria1997','279-305','This study draws upon the technology acceptance model as the theoretical basis and empirical findings for a pragmatic explanation of key factors affecting personal computing acceptance in small firms. The study uses results from a survey of 358 users in small firms in New Zealand to test a structural model examining the hypothesized relationships among the following constructs: intraorganizational factors, extraorganizational factors, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and personal computing acceptance (i.e., system usage). The findings indicate that perceived ease of use is a dominant factor in explaining perceived usefulness and system usage, and that perceived usefulness has a strong effect on system usage. The results also indicate that exogenous variables influence both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, particularly management support and external support. Inconsistent with prior research in large firms, relatively little support was found for the influence of both internal support and internal training. Implications for the acceptance of personal computing and future research on personal computing acceptance in small firms are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/249498.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10022,'MIS Quarterly',2007,31,3,'Turnover of Information Technology Professionals: A narrative review, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, and model development','Joseph, Damien','Joseph2007','547-577','This study combines a narrative review with meta-analytic techniques to yield important insights about the existing research on turnover of information technology professionals. Our narrative review of 33 studies shows that the 43 antecedents to turnover intentions of IT professionals could be mapped onto March and Simon\'s (1958) distal-proximal turnover framework. Our meta-analytic structural equation modeling shows that proximal constructs of job satisfaction (reflecting the lack of desire to move) and perceived job alternatives (reflecting ease of movement) partially mediate the relationships between the more distal individual attributes, job-related and perceived organizational factors, and IT turnover intentions. Building on the findings from our review, we propose a new theoretical model of IT turnover that presents propositions for future research to address existing gaps in the IT literature.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/04/25148807.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10024,'MIS Quarterly',2009,33,1,'Out of Dedication or Constraint? A Dual Model of Post-Adoption Phenomena and its Empirical Test in the Context of Online Services','Kim, Sung S.','Kim2009','49-70','Sustained website traffic through consumers \'patronage at the post-adoption stages is known as a key to the survival of an online service provider. Although a firm\'s survival depends much on repeated use, whether or not a firm survives is also influenced by a variety of other behavioral outcomes that include, but are not limited to, word-of-mouth, willingness to pay, and inattentiveness to alternatives. Whereas post-adoption research has recently paid attention to repeated use, the information systems field still lacks a systematic investiation into other behavioral outcomes that transcend mere usage. In an attempt to extend the horizons of post-adoption research, we develop and test a model that explains post-adoption behaviors in the context of online services. First, drawing on a dual model of relationship maintenance in consumer behavior research, we propose a conceptual frame-work to study and explain online consumer behavior. In particular, our model predicts that two contrasting mechanisms, that is, dedication and constraint, are the main drivers of post-adoption phenomena (i.e., consumers\' post-adoption reactions to online services - beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors). We empirically test the proposed dual model through the use of data collected from 510 users of online portals. The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicate that, as expected, the dedication- and constraint-based mechanisms simultaneously, yet differentially, determine online consumer behavior. In general, our findings suggest that it is essential in examining the complex nature of post-adoption phenomena to take into account the interplay of the dedication- and constraint-based mechanisms.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/20650278.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10025,'MIS Quarterly',2006,30,4,'The effects of personalization and familiarity on trust and adoption of recommendation agents','Komiak, Sheri','Komiak2006','941-960','In the context of personalization technologies, such as Web-based product-brokering recommendation agents (RAs) in electronic commerce, existing technology acceptance theories need to be expanded to take into account not only the cognitive beliefs leading to adoption behavior, but also the affect elicited by the personalized nature of the technology. This study takes a trust-centered, cognitive and emotional balanced perspective to study RA adoption. Grounded on the theory of reasoned action, the IT adoption literature, and the trust literature, this study theoretically articulates and empirically examines the effects of perceived personalization and familiarity on cognitive trust and emotional trust in an RA, and the impact of cognitive trust and emotional trust on the intention to adopt the RA either as a decision aid or as a delegated agent. An experiment was conducted using two commercial RAs. PLS analysis results provide empirical support for the proposed theoretical perspective. Perceived personalization significantly increases customers\' intention to adopt by increasing cognitive trust and emotional trust. Emotional trust plays an important role beyond cognitive trust in determining customers \' intention to adopt. Emotional trust fully mediates the impact of cognitive trust on the intention to adopt the RA as a delegated agent, while it only partially mediates the impact of cognitive trust on the intention to adopt the RA as a decision aid. Familiarity increases the intention to adopt through cognitive trust and emotional trust.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25148760.pdf',NULL,''),(10027,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,1,'Toward agile: An integrated analysis of quantitative and qualitative field data on software development agility','Lee, Gwanhoo','Lee2010','87-114','As business and technology environments change at an unprecedented rate, software development agility to respond to changing user requirements has become increasingly critical for software development performance. Agile software development approaches, which emphasize sense-and-respond, self-organization, cross-functional teams, and continuous adaptation, have been adopted by an increasing number of organizations to improve their software development agility. However, the agile development literature is largely anecdotal and prescriptive, lacking empirical evidence and theoretical foundation to support the principles and practices of agile development. Little research has empirically examined the software development agility construct in terms of its dimensions, determinants, and effects on software development performance. As a result, there is a lack of understanding about how organizations can effectively implement an agile development approach. Using an integrated research approach that combines quantitative and qualitative data analyses, this research opens the black box of agile development by empirically examining the relationships among two dimensions of software development agility (software team response extensiveness and software team response efficiency), two antecedents that can be controlled (team autonomy and team diversity), and three aspects of software development performance (on-time completion, on-budget completion, and software functionality). Our PLS results of survey responses of 399 software project managers suggest that the relationships among these variables are more complex than what has been perceived by the literature. The results suggest a tradeoff relationship between response extensiveness and response efficiency. These two agility dimensions impact software development performance differently: response efficiency positively affects all of on-time completion, on-budget completion, and software functionality, whereas response extensiveness positively affects only software functionality. The results also suggest that team autonomy has a positive effect on response efficiency and a negative effect on response extensiveness, and that team diversity has a positive effect on response extensiveness. We conducted 10 post hoc case studies to qualitatively cross-validate our PLS results and provide rich, additional insights regarding the complex, dynamic interplays between autonomy, diversity, agility, and performance. The qualitative analysis also provides explanations for both supported and unsupported hypotheses. We discuss these qualitative analysis results and conclude with the theoretical and practical implications of our research findings for agile development approaches.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/20721416.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10029,'MIS Quarterly',2007,31,1,'Assimilation of enterprise systems: The effect of institutional pressures and the mediating role of top management','Liang, H.','Liang2007','59-87','We develop and test a theoretical model to investigate the assimilation of enterprise systems in the post-implementation stage within organizations. Specifically, this model explains how top management mediates the impact of external institutional pressures on the degree of usage of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The hypotheses were tested using survey data from companies that have already implemented ERP systems. Results from partial least squares analyses suggest that mimetic pressures positively affect top management beliefs, which then positively affects top management participation in the ERP assimilation process. In turn, top management participation is confirmed to positively affect the degree of ERP usage. Results also suggest that coercive pressures positively affect top management participation without the mediation of top management beliefs. Surprisingly, we do not find support for our hypothesis that top management participation mediates the effect of normative pressures on ERP usage, but instead we find that normative pressures directly affect ERP usage. Our findings highlight the important role of top management in mediating the effect of institutional pressures on IT assimilation. We confirm that institutional pressures, which are known to be important for IT adoption and implementation, also contribute to postimplementation assimilation when the integration processes are prolonged and outcomes are dynamic and uncertain.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25148781.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10031,'MIS Quarterly',2005,29,4,'Managing client dialogues during information systems design to facilitate client learning','Majchrzak, Ann (University of Southern California','Majchrzak2005','653-672','It has long been recognized that client learning is an important factor in the successful development of information systems. While there is little question that clients should learn, there is less clarity about how best to facilitate client learning during developer-client meetings. In this study, we suggest that a cooperative learning strategy called collaborative elaboration developed by educational psychologists provides a theoretical and practical basis for stimulating client learning during an IS design process. The problem with assessing the effects of collaborative elaboration, however, is in controlling for the many other factors that might affect client learning and outcomes of an IS design phase. In a unique research opportunity, we were able to measure the use of collaborative elaboration among 85 developers and clients involved in 17 projects over a semester-long IS design process. The projects were homogeneous with respect to key contextual variables. Our PLS analysis suggested that teams using more collaborative elaboration had more client learning and teams with more client learning achieved better IS design-phase outcomes. This suggests that theories about collaborative elaboration have significant potential for helping IS researchers identify new approaches for stimulating client learning early in the IS design process.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25148704.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10035,'MIS Quarterly',2000,24,1,'One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals','Moore, Jo Ellen','Moore2000','141-168','The concept of work exhaustion (or job burnout) from the management and psychology research literature is examined in the context of technology professionals. Data were collected from 270 IT professionals and managers in various industries across the United States. Through structural equation modeling, work exhaustion was shown to partially mediate the effects of workplace factors on turnover intention. In addition, the results of the study revealed that: (1) technology professionals experiencing higher levels of exhaustion reported higher intentions to leave the job and, (2) of the variables expected to influence exhaustion (work overload, role ambiguity and conflict, lack of autonomy and lack of rewards), work overload was the strongest contributor to exhaustion in the technology workers. Moreover, exhausted IT professionals identified insufficient staff and resources as a primary cause of work overload and exhaustion. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/3250982.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10036,'MIS Quarterly',2006,30,1,'Ethical decision making in software piracy: Initial development and test of a four-component model','Moores, T','Moores2006','167-180','Software piracy costs the software industry billions of dollars each year. To better understand piracy, we propose a model of ethical decision making that is an adaptation of the four-component model of morality. This model defines four internal processes that result in external moral behavior: recognition, judgment, intention, and behavior. We test our model with a sample of Information Systems students in Hong Kong who provided measures of self-reported behavior regarding levels of buying and using pirated software. Using partial least squares, we investigated the causal pathways of the model and the effects of age and gender. We find that use is determined by buying, buying is determined by intention, and intention is determined by judgment. Although respondents recognized software piracy as an infringement of intellectual property rights, this fact did not affect their judgment of the morality of the act. Significant differences are also found in the ethical decision-making process based on age but only limited differences based on gender. The implications of these results, including the development of a professional ethics program, are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25148722.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10037,'MIS Quarterly',1998,22,2,'The effects of customizability and reusability on perceived process and competitive performance of software firms','Nidumolu, S R','Nidumolu1998','105-137','This study addresses the broad research issue of how software firms can manage their software development efforts in order to compete effectively under intensified competition. Based on recent research in manufacturing strategy and software process engineering, a research model and six hypotheses were derived. Reusability and customizability were expected to positively affect process flexibility and predictability. In turn, these perceived process performance dimensions were expected to positively influence perceived competitive performance, assessed in terms of market responsiveness and product cost efficiency.Using a survey design, responses were obtained from a random sample of 100 software firms. Two kinds of respondents were used: the senior manager in charge of software development (58% response rate) and the marketing manager (36% response rate). The model and hypotheses were assessed using EQS, a structural equations modeling package that can be used for path analysis. The results from both the marketing manager and development manager responses suggested that process flexibility was an important determinant of perceived competitive performance. However, process predictability was an important determinant of perceived competitive performance in the development manager, but not the marketing manager, responses. Finally, while customizability had a significant positive effect on the perceived process performance dimensions, reusability did not. The research model is a potentially useful contribution to an important new area of MIS research concerning the performance of software firms, which draws from manufacturing strategy and software process engineering.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/249392.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10040,'MIS Quarterly',2000,24,3,'Quality Management in Systems Development: An Organizational System Perspective','Ravichandran, T.','Ravichandran2000','381-415','We identify top management leadership, a sophis- ticated management infrastructure, process management efficacy, and stakeholder participa- tion as important elements of a quality-oriented organizational system for software development. A modei interrelating ttiese constructs and quality performance is proposed. Data collected through a national survey ofiS executives in Fortune 1000 companies and government agencies was used to test the model using a Partial Least Squares analysis methodoiogy. Our results suggest that software quality goals are best attained when top management creates a management infrastructure that promotes improvements in process design and encourages stakeholders to evolve the design of the development processes. Our results also suggest that all elements of the organiza- tional system need to be developed in order to attain quality goats and that piecemeal adoption of select quality management practices are uniikely to be effective. Implications of this research for IS theory and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/3250967.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10041,'MIS Quarterly',2010,34,4,'An alternative to methodological individualism: A non-reductionist approach to studying technology adoption by groups','Sarker, Saonee','Sarker2010','779-808','Studies on groups within the MIS discipline have largely been based on the paradigm of methodological individualism. Commentaries on methodological individualism within the reference disciplines suggest that studies embracing this paradigm can lead to potentially misleading or incorrect conclusions. This study illustrates the appropriateness of the alternate non-reductionist approach to investigating group-related phenomenon, specifically in the context of technology adoption. Drawing on theories of group influence, prior research on conflict, technology characteristics, task- technology fit, group communication media, and recent theoretical work surrounding group technology adoption, the paper proposes and empirically tests a new non-reductionist model for conceptualizing technology adoption by groups. Further, the study also empirically compares this nonreductionist model with a (hypothetical) methodological individualist model of technology adoption by groups. Results strongly support most of the assertions of the non-reductionist model and highlight that this model provides a more robust explanation of technology adoption by groups than a methodological individualist view. Further, the study also highlights some conditions wherein the methodological individualist view fails to provide correct explanations. The implications of the study\'s findings for future research are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25750705.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10043,'MIS Quarterly',2008,32,3,'Internet users\' information privacy-protective responses: A taxonomy and a nomological model','Son, Jai Yeol','Son2008','503-529','Although Internet users are expected to respond in various ways to privacy threats from online companies, little attention has been paid so far to the complex nature of how users respond to these threats. This paper has two specific goals in its effort to fill this gap in the literature. The first, so that these outcomes can be systematically investigated, is to develop a taxonomy of information privacy-protective responses (IPPR). This taxonomy consists of six types of behavioral responses - refusal, misrepresentation, removal, negative word-of-mouth, complaining directly to online companies, and complaining indirectly to third-party organizations - that are classified into three categories: information provision, private action, and public action. Our second goal is to develop a nomological model with several salient antecedents - concerns for information privacy, perceived justice, and societal benefits from complaining - of IPPR, and to show how the antecedents differentially affect the six types of IPPR. The nomological model is tested with data collected from 523 Internet users. The results indicate that some discernible patterns emerge in the relationships between the antecedents and the three groups of IPPR. These patterns enable researchers to better understand why a certain type of IPPR is similar to or distinct from other types of IPPR. Such an understanding could enable researchers to analyze a variety of behavioralresponses to information privacythreats in a fairly systematic manner. Overall, this paper contributes to researchers\' theory-building efforts in the area of information privacy by breaking new ground for the study of individuals \' responses to information privacy threats.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/25148854.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10044,'MIS Quarterly',2003,27,1,'Predicting Intention to Adopt Interorganizational Linkages: An Institutional Perspective','Teo, H H','Teo2003','19-49','This study used institutional theory as a lens to understand the factors that enable the adoption of interorganizational systems. It posits that mimetic, coercive, and normative pressures existing in an institutionalized environment could influence organizational predisposition toward an information technology-based interorganizational linkage. Survey-based research was carried out to test this theory. Following questionnaire development, validation, and pretest with a pilot study, data were collected from the CEO, the CFO, and the CIO to measure the institutional pressures they faced and their intentions to adopt financial electronic data interchange (FEDI). A firm-level structural model was developed based on the CEO\'s, the CFO\'s, and the CIO\'s data. LISREL and PLS were used for testing the measurement and structural models respectively. Results showed that all three institutional pressuresmimetic pressures, coercive pressures, and normative pressures-had a significant influence on organizational intention to adopt FEDI. Except for perceived extent of adoption among suppliers, all other subconstructs were significant in the model. These results provide strong support for institutional-based variables as predictors of adoption intention for interorganizational linkages. These findings indicate that organizations are embedded in institutional networks and call for greater attention to be directed at understanding institutional pressures when investigating information technology innovations adoption.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/30036518.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10045,'MIS Quarterly',1991,15,1,'Personal Computing : Toward a Conceptual Model of Utilization','Thompson, R. L.','Thompson1991','125-142','Organizations continue to invest heavily in personal computers for their knowledge workers. When use is optional, however, having access to the technology by no means ensures it will be used or used effectively. To help us gain a better understanding of factors that influence the use of personal computers, researchers have recently adapted the theory of reasoned action proposed by Fishbein and Azjen (1975). This study uses a competing theory of behavior proposed by Triandis (1980). Responses were collected from 212 knowledge workers in nine divisions of a multi-national firm, and the measures and research hypotheses were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS). The results show that social norms and three components of expected consequences (complexity of use, fit between the job and PC capabilities, and long-term consequences) have a strong influence on utilization. These findings confirm the importance of the expected consequences of using PC technology, suggesting that training programs and organizational policies could be instituted to enhance or modify these expectations.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/249443.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10046,'MIS Quarterly',2012,36,2,'Can Online Wait Be Managed? The Effect of Filler Interfaces and Presentation Modes on Perceived Waiting Time Online','Lee, YounghwaChen, AndrewIlie, Virginia Chen, Andrew Ilie, Virginia','Lee2012','365-394','Long waits online undermine users? evaluations of Web sites and their providers, triggering abandonment behaviors. Yet e-business researchers and practitioners have not perfected mechanisms to respond to online wait issues. A filler interface that runs during the wait for search results may influence online users? perceived waiting time (PWT); however, no scientific investigation has attempted to design effective filler interfaces for managing online waits. By adopting resource allocation theory, cognitive absorption theory, and human computer interaction (HCI) theories (competition for attention, visual search, and motion effect), we design diverse filler interfaces and investigate their effects on antecedents of PWT. The proposed research model considers cognitive absorption factors such as temporal dissociation, focused immersion, and heightened enjoyment as antecedents of PWT, which in turn triggers three outcomes: affective appraisals, cognitive appraisals, and Web site use intention. A multistage, multimethod approach is used to test the research hypotheses. In the first stage, we compare a filler interface condition with a no-filler interface condition, and find the superiority of a filler interface with respect to inducing focused immersion and temporal dissociation. In the second stage, we conduct two controlled experiments to examine whether filler interfaces with various designs (varying the presence and relevance of image, text, and image motion) distinctly influence antecedents of PWT and confirm their distinctive effects on focused immersion, temporal dissociation, and heightened enjoyment. In addition, by conducting a structural equation modeling analysis, we find that our research model explains 51 percent, 51 percent, 44 percent, and 45 percent of the variance in PWT, affective appraisals, cognitive appraisals, and Web site use intention respectively. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are provided.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/41703460.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10047,'MIS Quarterly',2013,37,1,'Examining the Relational Benefits of Improved Interfirm Information Processing Capability in Buyer-Supplier Dyads','Wang, Eric','Wang2013','149-173','Information Systems research has studied how buyers and suppliers can benefit from improved information visibility in supply chains characterized by uncertainty. However, the relation-specific information processing solutions that provide visibility can only be exploited if the two firms engage in sufficient coordination efforts. This work takes a nuanced look at how dyadic benefits are derived in the supply chain. Drawing on the information processing view, resource-based view, and transaction cost theory, this study explicates how buyer performance can result from buyer\'s use of relation-specific information processing solutions and supplier\'s relational responses. Two interfirm information processing solutions are proposed and examined: the use of IT-based systems for planning and control, and the use of relational (normative) contracts. Based on a sample of 144 manufacturing firms, eight of the nine proposed research hypotheses receive empirical support using PLS analysis. The findings suggest that as buyers and suppliers utilize the IT and relational solutions, they induce relation-specific responses represented as supplier\'s business process investments and modification flexibility, which in turn lead to positive buyer outcomes. The results help us gain a more granular understanding on how relation-specific interfirm information processing solutions can lead to performance through enhanced interfirm governance capabilities. Copyright © 2013 by the Management Information Systems Research Center (MISRC) of the University of Minnesota.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/neu.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10049,'MIS Quarterly',2001,25,1,'An Empirical Investigation of the Factors Affecting Data Warehousing Success','Wixom, Barbara H','Wixom2001','17-41','The IT implementation literature suggests that various implementation factors play critical roles in the success of an information system; however, there is little empirical research about the implementation of data warehousing projects. Data warehousing has unique characteristics that may impact the importance of factors that apply to it. In this study, a cross-sectional survey investigated a model of data warehousing success. Data warehousing managers and data suppliers from 111 organizations completed paired mail questionnaires on implementation factors and the success of the warehouse. The results from a Partial Least Squares analysis of the data identified significant relationships between the system quality and data quality factors and perceived net benefits. It was found that management support and resources help to address organizational issues that arise during warehouse implementations; resources, user participation, and highly-skilled project team members increase the likelihood that warehousing projects will finish on-time, on-budget, with the right functionality; and diverse, unstandardized source systems and poor development technology will increase the technical issues that project teams must overcome. The implementation\'s success with organizational and project issues, in turn, influence the system quality of the data warehouse; however, data quality is best explained by factors not included in the research model.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/3250957.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10052,'Journal of the Association for Information Systems',2015,16,8,'Loyalty, Ideology, and Identification: An Empirical Study of the Attitudes and Behaviors of Passive Users of Open Source Software','Choi, Namjoo','Choi2015','674-706','Extant research on open source software (OSS) has primarily focused on software developers and active users but has paid limited attention to the less visible ?passive? users who form the silent majority of OSS communities. Passive users play a critical role in the adoption and diffusion of OSS, and we need more research to understand their behaviors and motivations. We address this gap by drawing on the sociological theory of community markers. The three community markers in the context of OSS are loyalty, ideology, and identification. We also draw on marketing literature to propose four contributory behaviors of passive users of OSS that we theorize to be impacted by the community markers: user brand-extension, word-of-mouth, endorsement, and community involvement. We further classify passive users? contributory behaviors according to the difficulty of their enactment and examine the differential influence of the OSS community markers. Partial-least squares (PLS) analyses of data obtained through a survey of passive users of an OSS product provide support for the majority of the hypotheses.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/182526adeebe5fa20705203bab364ac13f7b.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10053,'Journal of the Association for Information Systems',2012,13,6,'Systemic Determinants of the Information Systems Outsourcing Decision: A Comparative Study of German and United States Firms.','Dibbern, Jens','Dibbern2012','466-497','The practice of information systems (IS) outsourcing is widely established among organizations. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that organizations differ considerably in the extent to which they deploy IS outsourcing. This variation has motivated research into the determinants of the IS outsourcing decision. Most of this research is based on the assumption that a decision on the outsourcing of a particular IS function is made independently of other IS functions. This modular view ignores the systemic nature of the IS function, which posits that IS effectiveness depends on how the various IS functions work together effectively. This study proposes that systemic influences are important criteria in evaluating the outsourcing option. It further proposes that the recognition of systemic influences in outsourcing decisions is culturally sensitive. Specifically, we provide evidence that systemic effects are factored into the IS outsourcing decision differently in more individualist cultures than in collectivist ones. Our results of a survey of United States and German firms indicate that perceived in-house advantages in the systemic impact of an IS function are, indeed, a significant determinant of IS outsourcing in a moderately individualist country (i.e., Germany), whereas insignificant in a strongly individualist country (i.e., the United States). The country differences are even stronger with regard to perceived in-house advantages in the systemic view of IS professionals. In fact, the direction of this impact is reversed in the United States sample. Other IS outsourcing determinants that were included as controls, such as cost efficiency, did not show significant country differences.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/031555bd23989b8dbacec3889fadf77c76f0.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10054,'Journal of the Association for Information Systems',2011,12,1,'Venture Capital Funding for Information Technology Businesses','Dos Santos, Brian L','Dos Santos2011','57-87','The success of new ventures can hinge on obtaining venture capital (VC) funding. Virtually every successful IT venture has depended on VC funding early in its history. However, obtaining venture capital is difficult. Unlike earlier studies on VC funding that consider new ventures to be homogeneous, this study seeks to identify factors that VCs consider when they make funding decisions for IT ventures. Building on prior research in the area of agency and business risk, we develop a theoretical model that draws on work in finance and entrepreneurship. The model suggests that VCs consider two types of risk: business risk and agency risk. The relative importance of these two types of risk may be different across industries. We test this model using data from 139 business plans for IT startups that were considered for funding by VCs. Traditional structural equation modeling (SEM) does not accommodate non-normal data or dichotomous outcome variables. Using the Robust Weighted Least Squares approach, we test our model with non-normal data and dichotomous outcomes. In addition, we use Tetrad analysis to check model fit against alternative models, floor and ceiling analysis to test sample frame validity, relative effect size comparison to test relative elasticity of effects, and a Monte Carlo estimation approach to test overall model power and power of individual paths. We find that business risk is an important factor in start- up funding for IT ventures. We do not find agency risk to be an important consideration in start-up funding for IT ventures.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/09/03/Venture_Capital_Funding_for_Information_Technology.pdf',NULL,''),(10056,'Journal of the Association for Information Systems',2012,13,7,'Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations','Kock, Ned','Kock2012','546-580','Variance-based structural equation modeling is extensively used in information systems research, and many related findings may have been distorted by hidden collinearity. This is a problem that may extend to multivariate analyses, in general, in the field of information systems as well as in many other fields. In multivariate analyses, collinearity is usually assessed as a predictor-predictor relationship phenomenon, where two or more predictors are checked for redundancy. This type of assessment addresses vertical, or \"classic\", collinearity. However, another type of collinearity may also exist, here called \"lateral\" collinearity. It refers to predictor-criterion collinearity. Lateral collinearity problems are exemplified based on an illustrative variance-based structural equation modeling analysis. The analysis employs WarpPLS 2.0, with the results double-checked with other statistical analysis software tools. It is shown that standard validity and reliability tests do not properly capture lateral collinearity. A new approach for the assessment of both vertical and lateral collinearity in variance-based structural equation modeling is proposed and demonstrated in the context of the illustrative analysis.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/Kock_Lynn_2012.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10057,'Journal of the Association for Information Systems',2009,10,12,'Understanding Post-adoption Usage of Mobile Data Services: The Role of Supplier-side Variables','Lee, Sanghoon','Lee2009','860-888','This study investigates factors that affect usage changes in mobile data services (MDS). First, we conducted an exploratory study based on 378 survey responses to learn about important decision factors of MDS usage. It revealed a discrepancy between the forces influencing usage increase and those of usage decrease. Based on the findings from the exploratory study and Hertzberg?s two-factor theory, we postulated information quality as the motivator and system quality as the de-motivator of MDS usage. Then, we undertook a confirmative study on the respective roles of these factors in encouraging and discouraging the usage of MDS. We proposed a research model and empirically tested our hypotheses with partial least square (PLS) analysis based on 478 responses from MDS users. Information quality (as a motivator) was positively associated with MDS usage increase, but system quality (as a de-motivator) was not. Also, system quality was negatively associated with usage decrease, but information quality was not. Last, their association was partially moderated by the type of motivation for using MDS. Information quality had a stronger influence on MDS usage increase when the main motive was utilitarian rather than hedonic.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/e41dc92a6b7ab4dd635b9b9621fce3eb1c2d.pdf',NULL,''),(10058,'Journal of Management Information Systems',1992,9,3,'Applying Adaptive Structuration Theory to Investigate the Process of Group Support Systems Use','Gopal, Abhijit','Gopal1992','45-69','Adaptive structuration theory (AST) provides a sound basis from which to study the use of group support systems (GSS). The need for a theoretical approach such as AST is especially urgent because it helps explain the process of GSS use, thereby providing insights into the reasons for inconsistent research results. This paper illustrates the development of a research model based on AST, and reports the results of a study conducted on the basis of this model. The independent variables in the study were task and technology. The model\'s process component was represented by the attitudes of group members toward the technology they used. The six attitude dimensions were obtained from AST as well as from other information technology researchers. The model was tested using the partial least squares (PLS) technique.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/gopal1992.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10059,'Journal of Management Information Systems',1991,8,1,'Testing a Causal Model of End-User Application Effectiveness','Amoroso, Donald L','Amoroso1991','63-89','The purpose of this exploratory research was empirically to examine several logical relationships between key variables in order to create a causal model of end-user application effectiveness. To test the hypotheses, a survey-based field study was conducted in forty large organizations with a total of 506 usable responses. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) multivariate path analysis statistical technique. The preliminary empirical evidence provides general support for most of the key relationships contained in the model. Both the model based on the original sample and the validation of that model, based on the holdback sample, had good overall fits to the data. Of the important contributions, the end-users\' motivation to develop new applications was found to be the most significant, showing the strongest positive path coefficient with application utilization. Perceived organizational support of EUC was found to be indirectly related to improved end-user information satisfaction and application utilization. Given a limited set of organizational resources, we suggest that managers invest time and money in improving organizational support of EUC where the immediate payoff may not be readily evident.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/testingacausemodelofend-userapplicationeddectiveness.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10060,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2001,18,1,'Organizational knowledge management: A contingency perspective','Becerra-Fernandez, Irma','Becerra-Fernandez2001','23-55','Prior research examines several knowledge management processes, considering each as universally appropriate. This paper proposes that the context influences the suitability of a knowledge management process. A contingency framework is developed, including 2 attributes of the organizational subunit\'s tasks: process or content orientation, and focused or broad domain, and links knowledge management processes to them: internalization for focused, process-oriented tasks; externalization for focused, content-oriented talks; combination for broad, content-oriented tasks; and socialization for broad, process-oriented tasks. The empirical research was done at the Kennedy Space Center based on several interviews and survey data from 159 individuals across 8 subunits. The results supported the contingency framework. All the knowledge management processes except externalization had a positive impact in the expected cell. At the overall level, combination and externalization, but not internalization and socialization, affect knowledge satisfaction. Some implications for practice and research are identified.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/JournalofManagementInformationSystems2001Becerra-Fernandez.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10061,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2011,28,3,'Same Coin, Different Sides: Differential Impact of Social Learning on Two Facets of Music Piracy','Wang, Jingguo','Wang2011','343-384','We demonstrate that two intertwined activities of music piracy, unauthorized obtaining and unauthorized sharing, are differentially influenced by the same social learning environment. We develop a structural model and test it using survey data from a prime demographic set of respondents who engage in music piracy. Considering behavioral heterogeneity, we employ a factor mixture modeling technique to classify respondents into different groups that highlight distinct patterns of social learning influences. We find that the differential effects of social learning factors on obtaining and sharing persist across these groups. We further utilize demographic variables to profile members in each group for segmentation insights. From a theoretical perspective, our findings advance the understanding of music piracy and suggest the importance of separating obtaining from sharing activities when studying piracy. From a managerial perspective, our research provides new avenues for managers and policymakers to design targeted incentives to curtail music piracy.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/wang2011.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10063,'Journal of Management Information Systems',1996,13,2,'An Empirical Assessment of a Modified Technology Acceptance Model.','Chau, Patrick Y K','Chau1996','185-204','The technology acceptance model (TAM) is one of the most influential research models in studies of the determinants of information systems/information technology (IS/IT) acceptance. In TAM, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are hypothesized and empirically supported as fundamental determinants of user acceptance of a given IS/IT. A review of the IS and psychology literature, however, suggests that perceived usefulness can be of two distinct types: near-term usefulness and long-term usefulness. This paper reviews the concept of perceived usefulness and modifies TAM to include the two types of perceived usefulness. Data collected from nearly 285 administrative/clerical staff in a large organization were tested against the modified model using the structural equation modeling approach. The results of the study showed that, even though perceived near-term usefulness had the most significant influence on the behavioral intention to use a technology, perceived long-term usefulness also exerted a positive, though lesser, impact. No significant, direct relationship was found between ease of use and behavioral intention to use a technology. Implications of the findings and future research areas are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/chau1996.pdf',NULL,''),(10064,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2010,27,1,'Antecedents and Effects of CIO Supply-Side and Demand-Side Leadership: A Staged Maturity Model','Chen, Daniel Q.','Chen2010','231-272','As organizations? information technology (IT) investment goals evolve from improving operational efficiency to enhancing strategic growth, the chief information officer (CIO) is increasingly expected to play not only the traditional supply-side leadership role that focuses on exploiting existing IT competencies to support known business needs but also the demand-side leadership role that focuses on exploring new IT-enabled business opportunities that result in competitive advantage. Using matched CIO business executive responses from 174 firms, we test a staged maturity relationship between CIO supply-side and demand-side leadership and examine three antecedents (CIO human capital, CIO structural power, and organizational support for IT) and two effects (IT contribution to firm efficiency and strategic growth) of CIO leadership. The staged maturity model is supported by our findings and provides insight into how these two stages of CIO leadership influence IT impact within the organization and how they are influenced by these key antecedents.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/335f3da3c9921cdecf5fc078e0939d31d9f8.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10065,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2008,24,4,'Modeling Web Site Design Across Cultures: Relationships to Trust, Satisfaction, and E-Loyalty','Cyr, Dianne','Cyr2008','47-72','Despite rapidly increasing numbers of diverse online shoppers, the relationship of Web site design to trust, satisfaction, and loyalty has not previously been modeled across cultures. In the current investigation, three components of Web site design (information design, navigation design, and visual design) are considered for their impact on trust and satisfaction. In turn, relationships of trust and satisfaction to online loyalty are evaluated. Utilizing data collected from 571 participants in Canada, Germany, and China, various relationships in the research model are tested using partial least squares analysis for each country separately. In addition, the overall model is tested for all countries combined as a control and verification of earlier research findings, although this time with a mixed country sample. All paths in the overall model are confirmed. Differences are determined for separate country samples concerning whether navigation design, visual design, and information design result in trust, satisfaction, and ultimately loyalty-suggesting design characteristics should be a central consideration in Web site design across cultures.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/70528799.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10066,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2008,24,3,'A Temporal Model of Information Technology Project Performance','Gemino, Andrew','Gemino2008','9-44','Efficiently delivering expected performance from information technol- ogy projects remains a critical challenge for many organizations. Improving our understanding of how various factors influence project performance is therefore an important research objective. This study proposes and tests a temporal model of in- formation technology project performance (TMPP). It shows that performance can be better understood by separating risk factors into earlier (a priori) risk factors and later (emergent) risk factors, and modeling the influence of the former on the latter. Project performance, the dependent variable, is measured by considering both process (budget and schedule) and product (outcome) components. The model includes interactions between risk factors, project management practices, and project performance compo- nents. The model is tested using partial least squares analysis with data from a survey of 194 project managers. Our results indicate that the TMPP increases explanatory power when compared with models that link risk factors directly to project perfor- mance. The results show the importance for active risk management of recognizing, planning for, and managing a priori and emergent risk factors. The finding of a strong relationship between structural risk factors and subsequent volatility shows the need for risk management practice to recognize the interaction of a priori and emergent risk factors. The results confirm the importance of knowledge resources, organizational support, and project management practices, and demonstrate the ways in which they reinforce each other.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/ATemporalModelofITProjectPerformanceJMIS2007.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10067,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2001,18,1,'Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective','Gold, AH','Gold2001','185-214','ABSTRACT: A hallmark of the new economy is the ability of organizations to realize economic value from their collection of knowledge assets as well as their assets of infomiation, production distribution, and affiliation. Despite the competitive neces- sity of becoming a knowledge-based organization, senior managers have found it difficult to transfomi their firms through programs of knowledge management. This is particularly true if their organizations have long histories of process and a tradition of business success. This research examines the issue of effective knowledge man- agement from the perspective of organizational capabilities. This perspective sug- gests that a knowledge infrastructure consisting of technology, structure, and culture along with a knowledge process architecture of acquisition, conversion, application, and protection are essential organizational capabilities or \"preconditions\'\" for effec- tive knowledge management. Through analysis of surveys collected from over 300 seniorexecutives. this research empirically modelsanduncoverskey aspects of these dimensions. The results provide a basis for understanding the competitive predisposi- tion of a firm as it enters a program of knowledge management.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/KMJMIS.pdf',NULL,''),(10068,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2004,21,1,'Understanding Determinants of Online Consumer Satisfaction: A Decision Process Perspective','Kohli, Rajiv','Kohli2004','115-135','As business-to-consumer online shopping grows, e-commerce channel providers will need to explore ways to anticipate consumers\' needs to deliver an efficient shopping experience. Yet the consumers\' decision-making process and its relationship to the selection of the online channel are not well understood. Utilizing Simon\'s decision-making model, we examined support for decision-making phases using 134 online consumers. We also extended the model to include consumers\' cost savings and time savings, as well as their satisfaction with the e-commerce channel. Structural equation modeling results indicate that the online shopping channel supported the overall decision-making process. In particular, we found strong support for the design and choice phases of online consumers\' decision-making process. Our results also indicate that support for the decision-making process was mediated by the cost savings and time savings gained by the online consumers and led to their greater channel satisfaction.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/kohli2014.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10069,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2009,26,1,'The CMC Interactivity Model: How Interactivity Enhances Communication Quality and Process Satisfaction in Lean-Media Groups','Lowry, Paul Benjamin','Lowry2009','155-196','Process satisfaction is one important determinant of work group collab- orative system adoption, continuance, and performance. We explicate the computer- mediated communication (CMC) interactivity model (CMCIM) to explain and predict how interactivity enhances communication quality that results in increased process satisfaction in CMC-supported work groups. We operationalize this model in the chal- lenging context of very large groups using extremely lean CMC. We tested it with a rigorous field experiment and analyzed the results with the latest structural equation modeling techniques. Interactivity and communication quality dramatically improved for very large groups using highly lean CMC (audience response systems) over face- to-face groups. Moreover, CMC groups had fewer negative status effects and higher process satisfaction than face-to-face groups. The practical applications of lean CMC rival theoretical applications in importance because lean CMC is relatively inexpensive and requires minimal training and support compared to other media. The results may aid large global work group continuance, satisfaction, and performance in systems, product and strategy development, and other processes in which status effects and communication issues regularly have negative influences on outcomes',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/lowry2009.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10071,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2008,25,1,'How Endogenous Motivations Influence User Intentions: Beyond the Dichotomy of Extrinsic and Intrinsic User Motivations','Malhotra, Yogesh','Malhotra2008','267-300','Information technology (IT) adoption research recognizes theoretical limitations in discerning if and when user behavior results from perceived external influences or from personal volition. A clear understanding of this issue requires a precise distinction between mandatory and volitional behaviors. Consistent with organismic integration theory (OIT), this study situates the locus of user motivations inside the user. Drawing upon an endogenous view of behaviors, this research makes three key contributions. First, it develops the theoretical basis for clearly discerning if and when behavior results from perceived external influences or from personal volition. Specifically, it examines how endogenous psychological feelings of autonomy, freedom, conflict, and external pressure can predict and explain user intentions. Second, it proposes that behavior may result from combinations of perceived external influences and personal volition. Recognizing how such \"collections of motivations\" together influence behavior advances our understanding beyond the \"dichotomy\" of extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations often adopted in prior research. Third, it proposes that some desired behaviors may be thwarted or impeded by a conflict between perceived external influences and personal volition. The theoretically grounded research model was empirically validated in a field study on Blackboard, a Web-based education platform at a large university. Data collected from a sample of 211 users were tested using structural equation models of initial system adoption and experienced use. Empirical support was found for the proposed model and related hypotheses. The results of this study advance our understanding about user motivations for adopting IT.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/10.1.1.219.2467.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10072,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2011,28,1,'A Global Model of Technological Utilization Based on Governmental, Business-Investment, Social, and Economic Factors','Pick, James B.','Pick2011','49-84','This exploratory paper presents a conceptual model of the factors of governmental support and openness, business and technology investment, and socioeconomic level that are posited to influence technological utilization. The conceptual model and conjectures are developed inductively based on logic and prior research about the relationship among variables related to the factors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is applied to operationalize and test the model. The SEM analysis tests five points of investigation on a large sample of country data from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum. Findings indicate a critical pathway of associations between the factors of government support and openness, investment in business and technology, socioeconomic level, and technology utilization. The paper presents two country case examples of the model and suggests policy steps for national governments of developed and developing countries to prioritize information and communications technology, create openness, strengthen research and development and technology investment, and enhance education and information technology training.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/10.1.1.555.7220.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10073,'Journal of Management Information Systems',1998,15,4,'A structural equation evaluation of CASE tools attributes','Post, G V','Post1998','215-234','A latent variable approach to the evaluation of CASE tools is used to assess user needs and applications. Responses are consistent with the taxonomy of upper and lower CASE tools. Results indicate the importance of analysis and prototyping features. Some existing tools are rated significantly higher than others in terms of these features. The study also reveals a link between organizational size and the demand for upper and lower CASE tool features. Smaller organizations use CASE tools in the design stage and rely on teamwork and collaboration facilities. Larger firms focus on lower CASE facilities such as prototyping to build completed systems.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/23/post1999.pdf',NULL,''),(10074,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2003,19,4,'Toward an Understanding of Satisfaction with the Process and Outcomes of Teamwork','Reinig, Bruce a','Reinig2003','65-83','Collaborative technologies such as group support systems (GSS) are often developed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teams; however, the satisfaction users have with the processes and outcomes of the teamwork itself often determines the ultimate adoption and sustained use of collaborative technologies. Much of the research on teamwork has focused on meetings in particular and, consequently, satisfaction with the process and outcomes of meetings, referred to collectively as meeting satisfaction. Research on meeting satisfaction in GSS-supported groups has been equivocal, indicating the need for advancement in our theoretical understanding of the construct. To that end, this paper presents a causal model of meeting satisfaction derived from goal setting theory. The model is tested with an empirical study consisting of 15 GSS groups and 11 face-to-face (FTF) groups engaged in the \'lost at sea\' task. The results of analysis using structural equation modeling indicate support for the model\'s integrity across both GSS and FTF groups. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed, including how the model can be used to improve future research on the use of collaborative technology to support teamwork.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/10.108007421222.2003.11045750.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10075,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2002,19,2,'The Dynamic Effects of Group Support Systems on Group Meetings','Reinig, Bruce A','Reinig2002','303-325','A number of theoretical models have been presented in group support systems (GSS) literature, which suggest that various GSS structures such as anonymity and simultaneity, influence group interaction, which in turn influences group productivity and meeting outcomes. Examples of such theories include the adaptive structuration theory and the balance of forces model and they could generally be described as dynamic or procedural in nature. Much of the empirical research that tests such theories, however, is deterministic in that it often compares final outcomes between various levels of technological support without measuring and testing (1) the influence that the technological structures have on group interaction and group dynamics, and (2) the corresponding influence that group interaction has on meeting outcomes. This paper reports a study that examines the validity of such dynamic theories by examining the relationships between GSS structures, group dynamics, and meeting outcomes over time. Four process constructs (production blocking, free riding, sucker effect, and evaluation apprehension) and three meeting outcome constructs (group cohesion, affective reward, and self-reported learning) were initially selected for the study. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze longitudinal survey data gathered from an experiment conducted with naturally occurring groups. The model tested was found to be valid and GSS was found to be effective in reducing process losses. However, the findings also revealed that process losses vary in the degree to which they influence meeting outcomes and certain meeting outcomes, such as affective reward, were found to be heavily influenced by other meeting outcomes, such as group cohesion and self-reported learning. Theoretical implications of the study and methodology are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2020/02/20/Reinig.Shin.GSS.pdf',NULL,''),(10076,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2014,31,3,'Understanding the Drivers of Unethical Programming Behavior: The Inappropriate Reuse of Internet-Accessible Code','Sojer, Manuel','Sojer2014','287-325','Programming is riddled with ethical issues. Although extant literature explains why individuals in IT would act unethically in many situations, we know surprisingly little about what causes them to do so during the creative act of programming. To address this issue, we look at the reuse of Internet-accessible code: software source code legally available for gratis download from the Internet. Specifically, we scrutinize the reasons why individuals would unethically reuse such code by not checking or purposefully violating its accompanying license obligations, thus risking harm for their employer. By integrating teleological and deontological ethical judgments into a theory of planned behavior model?using elements of expected utility, deterrence, and ethical work climate theory?we construct an original theoretical framework to capture individuals? decision-making process leading to the unethical reuse of Internet-accessible code. We test this framework with a unique survey of 869 professional software developers. Our findings advance the theoretical and practical understanding of ethical behavior in information systems. We show that programmers use consequentialist ethical judgments when carrying out creative tasks and that ethical work climates influ- ence programmers indirectly through their peers? judgment of what is appropriate behavior. For practice, where code reuse promises substantial efficiency and quality gains, our results highlight that firms can prevent unethical code reuse by informing developers of its negative consequences, building a work climate that fosters compliance with laws and professional codes, and making sure that exces- sive time pressure is avoided.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/sojer2014.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10077,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2007,24,1,'Organizational Buyers\' Adoption and Use of B2B Electronic Marketplaces: Efficiency- and Legitimacy-Oriented Perspectives','Son, Jai-Yeol','Son2007','55-99','Despite the significant opportunities to transform the way that organizations conduct trading activities, few studies have investigated the impetus for organizational strategic moves toward business-to-business (B2B) electronic marketplaces. Drawing on transaction cost theory and institutional theory, this paper identifies two groups of factors--efficiency- and legitimacy-oriented factors, respectively--that can influence organizational buyers\' initial adoption of, and the level of participation in, B2B e-marketplaces. The effects of these factors on initial adoption of and participation level in B2B e-marketplaces are empirically tested with data collected, respectively, from 98 potential adopter and 85 current adopter organizations. The results of a partial least squares analysis of the data indicate that the two groups of factors exhibit different patterns in explaining initial adoption in the preadoption period and participation level in the postadoption period. Specifically, all three of the efficiency-oriented factors investigated in this study--product characteristics, demand uncertainty, and market volatility--and their subconstructs exhibit a significant influence on adoption intent or participation level, or both. The results demonstrate that two legitimacy-oriented factors--mimetic pressures and normative pressures--and their subconstructs have a significant impact on adoption intent, but not on participation level. Our findings also indicate that clearly different patterns exist between the two groups of factors in explaining adoption intent and participation level.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/son2007.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10078,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2007,24,1,'The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity','Tarafdar, Monideepa','Tarafdar2007','301-328','Based on empirical survey data, this paper uses concepts from sociotech- nical theory and role theory to explore the effects of stress created by information and computer technology (ICT)?that is, ?technostress??on role stress and on individual productivity. We first explain different ways in which ICTs can create stress in users and identify factors that create technostress. We next propose three hypotheses: (1) technostress is inversely related to individual productivity, (2) role stress is inversely related to individual productivity, and (3) technostress is directly related to role stress. We then use structural equation modeling on survey data from ICT users in 223 organizations to test the hypotheses. The results show support for them. Theoretically, the paper contributes in three ways. First, the different dimen- sions of technostress identified here add to existing concepts on stress experienced by individuals in organizations. Second, by showing that technostress inversely affects productivity, the paper reinforces that failure to manage the effects of ICT-induced stress can offset expected increases in productivity. Third, validation of the positive relationship between technostress and role stress adds a new conceptual thread to literature analyzing the relationship between technology and organizational roles and structure. In the practical domain, the paper proposes a diagnostic tool to evaluate the extent to which technostress is present in an organization and suggests that the adverse effects of technostress can be partly countered by strategies that reduce role conflict and role overload.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/document.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10079,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2001,18,3,'Relationships Between Job Skills and Performance : A Study of Webmasters','Wade, Michael R','Wade2001','71-96','The main purpose of this study is to determine the mix of organizational and technical skills demanded of Web masters, and the degree to which those skills influence job performance. A job-content analysis of 800 Web master positions is conducted in order to determine the mix of skills demanded of Web masters by employers. Then, a survey of 232 Web masters is conducted to test the relationships between those skills and job performance. The job-content analysis suggested that employers seek technical skills over organizational skills and, in contrast, the survey results showed the Webmasters regard organizational skills as more important in performing their jobs. Structured equation modeling on the survey data showed that deficiency in both technical and organiza- tional skills leads to lower job performance. Moreover, the effect of organizational skill deficiencies on job performance was found to be larger than that of technical skill deficiencies. For researchers, the establishment of an empirical link between job skills and job performance opens the field to further research in the skills of informa- tion systems personnel. For employers, the results suggest more attention should be paid to attracting organizational skills when recruiting information systems personnel, such as Webmasters.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/Relationships_Between_Job_Skills_and_Per.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10080,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2006,23,2,'A Virtual Integration Theory of Improved Supply-Chain Performance','Wang, Eric','Wang2006','41-64','Organizing and maintaining a competent and flexible supply chain is a major challenge to manufacturers in today\'s increasingly competitive and uncertain environments. Virtual integration represents the substitution of ownership with partnership by integrating a set of suppliers through information technology (IT) for tighter supply-chain collaboration. From the systems and control perspectives, this study develops a theory of virtual integration with an empirical model to examine the role that virtual integration plays in facilitating manufacturers to achieve greater manufacturing flexibility and comparative cost advantage. Based on a survey of Taiwanese manufacturing firms, our results show that environmental uncertainty tends to motivate manufacturers to increase their manufacturing flexibility, with both virtual integration and supplier responsiveness playing a vital enabling role. The results demonstrate the importance of supplier responsiveness for manufacturers to gain manufacturing flexibility and comparative cost advantage in supply-chain operations. Environmental uncertainty, thus, might first appear as a threat to a manufacturer, but with the help of IT and more responsive suppliers, such a threat could be transformed into a competitive edge, as reflected in the manufacturer\'s higher levels of manufacturing flexibility and comparative cost advantage',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/JMIS_2006_Avirtualintegrationtheoryofimprovedsupply-chainperformance.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10081,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2008,24,4,'Attributions of Trust in Decision Support Technologies: A Study of Recommendation Agents for E-Commerce','Wang, Weiquan','Wang2008','249-273','As organizations increasingly utilize Web-based technologies to support customers better, trust in decision support technologies has emerged as an important issue in online environments. In this study, we identify six reasons users trust (or do not trust) a technology in the early stages of its use by extending the theories of trust formation in interpersonal and organizational contexts to that of decision support technologies. We study the particular context of decision support technologies for e-commerce: online recommendation agents (RAs), which facilitate users\' decision making by providing advice on what to buy based on user-specified needs and preferences. A laboratory experiment is conducted using a multimethod approach to collect data. Both quantitative data about participants\' trust in RAs and written protocols that explain the reasons for their levels of trust are collected. A content analysis of the written protocols identifies both positive and negative trust attributions that are then mapped to six trust reasons. A structural equation modeling analysis is employed to test the causal strengths of the trust reasons in explaining participants\' trust in RAs. The results reveal that in the early stages of trust formation, four positive reasons (i.e., knowledge-based, interactive, calculative, and dispositional) are associated with higher trust in RAs and two negative reasons (i.e., calculative and interactive) are associated with lower trust in RAs. The results also demonstrate some distinctive features of trust formation with respect to decision support technologies. We discuss the research and practical implications of the findings and describe opportunities for future research.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/3e9678664299a69627c2efe7d4e40ae8e2f6.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10082,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2010,26,3,'The Role of Push-Pull Technology in Privacy Calculus: The Case of Location-Based Services','Xu, Heng','Xu2010','135-174','Location-based services (LBS) use positioning technologies to provide individual users with reachability and accessibility that would otherwise not be available in the conventional commercial realm. While LBS confer greater connectivity and personalization on consumers, they also threaten users\' information privacy through granular tracking of their preferences, behaviors, and identity. To address privacy concerns in the LBS context, this study extends the privacy calculus model to explore the role of information delivery mechanisms (pull and push) in the efficacy of three privacy intervention approaches (compensation, industry self-regulation, and government regulation) in influencing individual privacy decision making. The research model was tested using data gathered from 528 respondents through a quasi-experimental survey method. Structural equations modeling using partial least squares validated the instrument and the proposed model. Results suggest that the effects of the three privacy intervention approaches on an individual\'s privacy calculus vary based on the type of information delivery mechanism (pull and push). Results suggest that providing financial compensation for push-based LBS is more important than it is for pull-based LBS. Moreover, this study shows that privacy advocates and government legislators should not treat all types of LBS as undifferentiated but could instead specifically target certain types of services.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/jmis.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10083,'Journal of Management Information Systems',2004,21,1,'Information Technology Payoff in E-Business Environments : An International Perspective on Value Creation of E-Business in the Financial Services Industry','Zhu, Kevin','Zhu2004','17-54','Grounded in the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, we develop a research model for assessing the value of e-business at the firm level. Based on this framework, we formulate six hypotheses and identify six factors (technology readiness, firm size, global scope, financial resources, competition intensity, and regulatory environment) that may affect value creation of e-business. Survey data from 612 firms across 10 countries in the financial services industry were collected and used to test the theoretical model. To examine how e-business value is influenced by economic environments, we compare two subsamples from developed and developing countries. Based on structural equation modeling, our empirical analysis demonstrates several key findings: (1) Within the TOE framework, technology readiness emerges as the strongest factor for e-business value, while financial resources, global scope, and regulatory environment also significantly contribute to e-business value. (2) Firm size is negatively related to e-business value, suggesting that structural inertia associated with large firms tends to retard e-business value. (3) Competitive pressure often drives firms to adopt e-business, but e-business value is associated more with internal organizational resources (e.g., technological readiness) than with external pressure to adopt. (4) While financial resources are an important factor in developing countries, technological capabilities become far more important in developed countries. This suggests that as firms move into deeper stages of e-business transformation, the key determinant of e-business value shifts from monetary spending to higher dimensions of organizational capabilities. (5) Government regulation plays a much more important role in developing countries than in developed countries. These findings indicate the usefulness of the proposed research model and theoretical framework for studying e-business value. They also provide insights for both business managers and policy-makers.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/10.1.1.77.8756.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10085,'Information Systems Journal',2011,21,3,'Antecedents and consequences of e-learning acceptance','Cheng, Yung-Ming','Cheng2011','269-299','Based on the technology acceptance model (TAM), this study uses the framework of the extended TAM to examine the antecedents and consequences for employees? acceptance of the e-learning system within financial services organizations. The total of 328 useable responses collected from eight interna- tional or domestic financial services companies in Taiwan were tested against the model using structural equation modelling (SEM). The main research results are summarized as follows in terms of the antecedents of e-learning acceptance and its impact on employees? perceived performance. Four types of determinants are demonstrated: individual factors, system factors, social factors and network exter- nality factor. Finally, this study proposes relevant suggestions for practitioners and future researchers. Keywords:',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2010.00356.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10086,'Information Systems Journal',2009,19,4,'User behaviour towards protective information technologies: the role of national cultural differences','Dinev, Tamara','Dinev2009','391-412','Computer technologies that protect data and systems from viruses, unauthorized access, disruptions, spyware and other threats have become increasingly important in the globally networked economy and society. Yet little is known about user attitudes and behaviour towards this category of information technologies. Comparative studies across different cultures in this context are even rarer. In this study, we examine the cross-cultural differences between South Korea and the United States in user behaviour towards protective information technologies. We develop a theoretical model of user behaviour based on the framework of the theory of planned behaviour and national cultural dimensions and indices. We posit that cultural factors moderate the strength of the relation- ships in the behavioural model in the context of protective information tech- nologies. The model was then empirically tested using structural equation modelling techniques in conjunction with multi-group analysis. Most of the hypoth- esized moderating effects of national cultural factors were found to be statistically significant. Our findings suggest that cultural factors should be considered in order to design effective information security policies, practices and technologies in global networks where multiple cultures coexist. Theoretical and practical implica- tions of the study are discussed. Keywords:',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2007.00289.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10088,'Information Systems Journal',2009,19,3,'Understanding dynamics between initial trust and usage intentions of mobile banking','Kim, Gimun','Kim2009','283-311','Mobile banking is an emerging application of mobile commerce that could become an additional revenue source to both banks and telecom service providers. It is a form of service convergence enabled by innovative technologies. Despite the alleged benefits of mobile banking, its acceptance has been short of industry expectations. One plausible explanation may be consumers\' initial lack of trust in available services. The objective of our research is to reveal the mechanisms associated with the initial formation of people\'s trust in mobile banking and intention to use the service. For this, we attempt to understand the effect of four antecedent variables (structural assurances, relative benefits, personal propensity to trust and firm reputation) on shaping a person\'s initial trust in mobile banking and its usage intention. They represent four types of trust-inducing forces: institutional offering (structural assurances), cognition (perceived benefits), personality (personal propensity) and firm characteristics (firm reputation). We examine individual significance of the selected antecedents and also their comparative reliability in explaining the two exogenous variables. The technical basis of our empirical research is the innovative mobile banking solution that uses cellphones with a built-in smart chipset. The survey data are analyzed using structural equation modelling. The analysis showed that three variables (relative benefits, propensity to trust and structural assurances) had a significant effect on initial trust in mobile banking. Also, the perception of initial trust and relative benefits was vital in promoting personal intention to make use of related services. However, contrary to our expectation, the reputation as a firm characteristics variable failed to attract people to mobile banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2007.00269.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10090,'Information Systems Journal',2008,18,6,'Developing a dynamic project learning and cross-project learning capability: synthesizing two perspectives','Newell, Sue','Newell2008','567-591','Driven by the complexity of new products and services, project work has become increasingly common in all types of organizations. However, research on project learning suggests that often project teams do not meet their stated objectives and, moreover, there is limited organizational learning from the experiences of project work. We use the dynamic capabilities framework to argue that building a dynamic project learning capability is useful for organizations that make extensive use of projects. We use both survey and interview data to discuss the key ways in which such a dynamic capability can be built. Our survey data demonstrate the importance of documenting project learning, but our interview data show that teams are often remiss at documenting their learning. The results from the two different approaches are synthesized using Boland & Tenkasi\'s notions of perspective-making and perspective-taking. Importantly, combining the results from the two sets of data suggests that organizations need to emphasize the benefits from project reviews and documentation and explore ways in which the documents produced can be made more useful as boundary objects to encourage the sharing of learning across projects.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2007.00242.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10091,'Information Systems Journal',2015,25,2,'Good habits gone bad: Explaining negative consequences associated with the use of mobile phones from a dual-systems perspective','Soror, Amr A','Soror2015','403-427','Information technology use is typically assumed to have positive effects for users, yet information technology use may also lead to negative consequences with various degrees of gravity. In the current work, we build on dual-systems theories to investigate negative consequences associated with mobile phones use (MPU), defined as the extent to which the use of mobile phones is perceived to create problems in managing one\'s personal and social life. According to dual-system theories, human behaviour is guided by two systems: reflexive (automatic) and reflective (control), which most of the time work in harmony. But when the two systems come into conflict, they will both complete to exert their influences over behaviour. Thus, we view the negative consequences associated with MPU as an outcome of the tug-of-war between the two systems influencing our day-to-day behaviours, where reflexive system is represented in our study by MPU habits and reflective system is represented by self-regulation. We hypothesise that the influence of habit and self-regulation on these negative consequences will be mediated through MPU. A partial least square analysis of 266 responses was used to validate and test our model. The study results generally support our model. The theoretical and practical implications of our study are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/isj.12065.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10092,'Information Systems Journal',2010,20,1,'The adoption behaviour of information technology industry in increasing business-to-business integration sophistication','Wang, William Y C','Wang2010','5-24','A supply chain is not a linear type of inter-firm structure but is often considered as a network. Business networks are underpinned by the firms\' resources, social legitimacy and associated power, which are also seen in the adoption theories of business-to-business integration (B2Bi) in the supply chain. However, there appears to be scarcity of the discussion on the theoretical relationship between them. This paper aims to enrich the previous findings of technology adoption theories in a business-to-business context by proposing a structural model and using Structural Equation Modelling approach to test it. It focuses on the integrated supply chain to test, analyse and extend the adoption factors to the use of computer-based information systems (IS). The survey data were collected in the Taiwanese Information Technology Industry. The path analy- ses indicate the answers for three issues raised from the research framework and confirm the associations between a firm?s existing system support readiness and the network determinants outside organizational boundaries. Further, it identifies the interrelationships among these factors and indicates that some of them mediate the enterprises? behaviour on investments to increase current IS for B2Bi purposes.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2008.00298.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10093,'Information Systems Journal',2008,18,5,'Assessing e-commerce systems success: a respecification and validation of the DeLone and McLean model of IS success','Wang, Yi-Shun','Wang2008','529-557','DeLone & McLean (2003) propose an updated information systems (IS) success model and suggest that it can be extended to investigating e-commerce systems success. However, the updated IS success model has not been empirically validated in the context of e-commerce. Further, the existing IS/e-commerce success models have been subject to considerable debate on the ?IS Use? and ?Perceived Usefulness? constructs, and the nomological structure of the updated DeLone and McLean model is somewhat inconsistent with the IS acceptance and marketing literature. Based on the IS and marketing literature, this paper respecifies and validates a multidimensional model for assessing e-commerce systems success. The validated model consists of six dimensions: Information Quality, System Quality, Service Quality, Perceived Value, User Sat- isfaction and Intention to Reuse. Structural equation modelling techniques were applied to data collected by questionnaire from 240 users of e-commerce systems in Taiwan. The empirical evidence suggests that Intention to Reuse is affected by Perceived Value and User Satisfaction, which, in turn, are influenced by Informa- tion Quality, System Quality and Service Quality. The nomological structure of the respecified e-commerce systems success model is concurred with that of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in the IS field and the consumer behaviour models in the traditional business-to-business and retail contexts. The findings of this study provide several important implications for research and practice. This paper concludes by discussing the contributions of this study and the limitations that could be addressed in future studies.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2007.00268.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10094,'Information Systems Journal',2006,16,2,'Predicting consumer intention to use mobile service','Wang, Yi-Shun','Wang2006','157-179','Advances in wireless technology have increased the number of people using mobile devices and accelerated the rapid development of mobile service (m-service) conducted with these devices. However, although many companies are today making considerable investments to take advantage of the new business possibilities offered by wireless technology, research on mobile commerce suggests potential consumers may not adopt these m-services in spite of their availability. Thus, there is a need for research to identify the factors that affect consumer intention to use m-services. Based on the technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and Luarn & Lin\'s 2005 mobile banking acceptance model, the current research respecifies and validates an integrated model for predicting consumer intention to use m-service by adding one trust-related construct (?perceived credibility?) and two resource-related constructs (?self-efficacy? and ?perceived financial resources?) to the TAM\'s nomological structure and re-examining the relationships between the proposed constructs. Data collected from 258 users in Taiwan were tested against the research model using the structural equation modelling approach. The results strongly support the proposed model in predicting consumer intention to use m-service. Several implications for information technology/information system acceptance research and m-service management practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/j.1365-2575.2006.00213.x.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10095,'European Journal of Information Systems',2015,24,1,'Associating consumer perceived value with business models for digital services','Baird, A., Raghu, T.S.','Baird2015','4-22','As digital services increasingly deal with commodity offerings (i.e., digital content and features that are similar between service providers), service providers are seeking to differentiate themselves with variations in their digital service business models. Research, though, has yet to consider the association of consumer perceived value with digital service business models underlying technological innovations. We seek to demonstrate that consumer value for digital service business models may be quite different even when consumers have similar preferences for standard technology characteristics. In the context of this paper, we specifically consider consumer perceived value associated with Personal Health Records (PHRs) and PHR digital business models, through the use of an integrated latent variable and choice empirical model. We find that although consumer perceived value for PHRs is generally high, when offered a choice between three competing PHR business models, consumers state high value for only two of the business models in the choice set: PHRs offered directly by groups of medical providers and Integrated PHRs. These findings suggest that while perceived value may be high for generally considered digital services, variations in the underlying digital service business models are likely to have significant impacts on consumer valuations of digital services.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/10.1.1.686.1070.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10096,'European Journal of Information Systems',2015,24,5,'Giving too much social support: Social overload on social networking sites','Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A., Weitzel, T.','Maier2015','447-464','As the number of messages and social relationships embedded in social networking sites (SNS) increases, the amount of social information demanding a reaction from individuals increases as well. We observe that, as a consequence, SNS users feel they are giving too much social support to other SNS users. Drawing on social support theory (SST), we call this negative association with SNS usage ?social overload? and develop a latent variable to measure it. We then identify the theoretical antecedents and consequences of social overload and evaluate the social overload model empirically using interviews with 12 and a survey of 571 Facebook users. The results show that extent of usage, number of friends, subjective social support norms, and type of relationship (online-only vs offline friends) are factors that directly contribute to social overload while age has only an indirect effect. The psychological and behavioral consequences of social overload include feelings of SNS exhaustion by users, low levels of user satisfaction, and a high intention to reduce or even stop using SNS. The resulting theoretical implications for SST and SNS acceptance research are discussed and practical implications for organizations, SNS providers, and SNS users are drawn.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/Giving_too_much_social_support_social_ov.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10097,'European Journal of Information Systems',2014,23,2,'Board-level IT governance and organizational performance','Turel, O., Bart, C.','Turel2014','223-239','Research on the strategic management of Information Technology (IT) resources has mostly focused on the oversight provided by the management team as a means to increase organizational performance. In recent years, boards of directors have also increased their involvement in IT matters, and various theoretical lenses suggest that this oversight too has the potential to influence organizational performance. Hence, this study synthesizes the resource-based and contingency views of MIS with corporate governance theories, and examines key antecedents and consequences of board-level IT governance (ITG) using a multi-method approach. Structural Equation Modelling analysis applied to organization-level data collected from 171 board members suggested that the level of ITG exercised by boards was contingent upon the organization\'s \'IT use mode\', along the two dimensions of need for (a) fast and reliable IT, and (b) new innovative IT. But, the findings further suggested that the contingency approach may be suboptimal because it can cause new ways of leveraging IT to be ignored. High levels of board-level ITG, regardless of existing IT needs, increased organizational performance. This phenomenon was illuminated with applicability checks. Moreover, content analysis and structured interviews with board members further enriched these insights.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/Board-level_IT_governance_and_organizati.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10099,'European Journal of Information Systems',2013,22,3,'Can we have fun @ work? the role of intrinsic motivation for utilitarian systems','Gerow, J.E., Ayyagari, R., Thatcher, J.B., Roth, P.L.','Gerow2013','360-380','Since the introduction of the Motivational Technology Acceptance Model in 1992, many researchers have considered both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation as antecedents of intent to use and actual use of a system. However, it has been a long-standing and largely unchallenged assumption that intrinsic motivation (i.e., fun or enjoyment) is a more dominant predictor of hedonic (fun) application use and that extrinsic motivation (i.e., usefulness) is a more dominant predictor of utilitarian (practical) application use. In this article, we probe whether system type serves as a boundary condition (i.e., moderator) for understanding an individual?s interaction with information technology. Specifically, we examine whether perceived enjoyment?s influence on perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, intention, and use varies with system type. On the basis of a metaanalytic structural equation modeling analysis of 185 studies between 1992 and February 2011, our findings suggest intrinsic motivation is equally relevant for predicting intentions toward using and actual use of both hedonic and utilitarian systems. Therefore, our meta-analytic results call into question the rigidity of the assumption that system type is a ?boundary condition? for understanding individuals? interaction with information technology. The implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/gerow2012.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10100,'European Journal of Information Systems',2013,22,2,'E-government adoption in public administration organizations: Integrating institutional theory perspective and resource-based view','Zheng, D., Chen, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C.','Zheng2013','221-234','We develop and test a theoretical model to investigate the adoption of government-to-government (G2G) information systems in public administration organizations. Specifically, this model explains how top management commitment (TMC) mediates the impact of external institutional pressures on internal organizational resource allocation, which finally leads to the adoption decision. The hypotheses were tested using survey data from public administration organizations in China. Results from partial least squares analyses suggest that coercive and normative pressures positively affect TMC, which then positively affects financial and information technology (IT) human resources in the G2G adoption process. In turn, financial and IT human resources are confirmed to positively affect the intention to adopt G2G. Surprisingly, we do not find support for our hypothesis that mimetic pressures directly influence TMC. Rather, a post hoc analysis implies that mimetic pressures indirectly influence TMC via the influence of coercive pressures. Our findings provide important managerial implications for public administration organizations.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/E-governmentadoptioninpublic.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10101,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,6,'Understanding overbidding behavior in C2C auctions: An escalation theory perspective','Park, S.C., Keil, M., Kim, J.U., Bock, G.-W.','Park2012','643-663','With millions of online auctions per day, sites such as eBay have revolutionized how consumers buy and sell goods. Despite the benefits associated with online consumer-to-consumer (C2C) auctions, there can be drawbacks. Consumers who purchase goods in online auctions may get caught up in auction fever, causing them to engage in overbidding, and sometimes leading to what has been referred to as the winner\'s curse. While several theoretical explanations have been proposed to explain overbidding behavior (OB), there has been little empirical work in this area. Drawing on escalation theory, this study develops and tests a model of the OB exhibited by individuals in online auction settings. Our model posits that certain escalation drivers such as sunk cost (SC), the completion effect (CE), and self-justification affect an individual\'s willingness to continue bidding (WCB) which, in turn, influences OB. Survey data collected from 250 online auction participants were used to test the model using partial least squares analysis. SC and CE were found to have significant impacts on OB that were either partially or fully mediated by WCB. We also found that competition intensity moderates the relationship between willingness to continue and OB such that when competition is more intense, the relationship becomes even stronger. The implications of these findings for both research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/park2012.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10102,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,6,'Information technology, the organizational capability of proactive corporate environmental strategy and firm performance: A resource-based analysis','Benitez-Amado, J., Walczuch, R.M.','Benitez-Amado2012','664-679','The study of the relationships between information technology (IT), environ- mental organizational issues and firm performance is a cutting-edge research topic for the information systems (IS) community. However, at present we know very little about these relationships. Drawing on the perspective of IT- enabled organizational capabilities and the literature on organizations and the natural environment, our study introduces conceptually the construct organizational capability of proactive corporate environmental strategy to the IS field. We propose that IT capability may enable the implementation of a proactive environmental strategy and that this strategy could play a significant role in determining the business value of IT. Using structural equations modeling with data collected from 63 firms, we find that IT capability is an enabler of proactive environmental strategy and that this strategy plays a significant role in mediating the effects of IT on firm performance. Our study provides initial evidence on the role of IT in the implementation of proactive environmental practices. Our results suggest to IT executives that their decisions matter in shaping environmental sustainability, which in turn will generate business value from IT.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/benitezamado2012.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10103,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,5,'The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites','Turel, O., Serenko, A.','Turel2012','512-528','Information Systems enjoyment has been identified as a desirable phenomenon, because it can drive various aspects of system use. In this study, we argue that it can also be a key ingredient in the formation of adverse outcomes, such as technology-related addictions, through the positive reinforcement it generates. We rely on several theoretical mechanisms and, consistent with previous studies, suggest that enjoyment can lead to presumably positive outcomes, such as high engagement. Nevertheless, it can also facilitate the development of a strong habit and reinforce it until it becomes a bad habit, that can help forming a strong pathological and maladaptive psychological dependency on the use of the IT artifact (i.e., technology addiction). We test and validate this dual effect of enjoyment, with a data set of 194 social networking website users analyzed with SEM techniques. The potential duality of MIS constructs and other implications for research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/turel2012.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10104,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,4,'Conversation as a source of satisfaction and continuance in a question-and-answer site','Ruth, R.D.','Ruth2012','427-437','Generating sustainable business value from information services is challenging on the web where free information and zero-switching costs are the norm. This study examines the role of free comments given in a commercial information service through the lens of the expectation-confirmation theory and continuance. Data from a question and answer web site are analyzed by structural equations modeling to test the theoretical model whereby customer satisfaction is key to continuance and is predicted largely by social interaction that takes place on the site. The model is supported by the field data retrieved from the site. The data show that people came with equal expectations, received equal service, and continued to use the system if they were satisfied with it. Satisfaction was predicted by conversation. Free activity emerges as an integral part of the service in a fee-based information market, improving satisfaction and continuance, and thereby leading to measurable outcomes for the commercial owners of the site. The findings, based on unobtrusive field data rather than self-report questionnaires, extend expectation confirmation theory by adding a social dimension to it.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/9accad1a5177d82d9189a7afcd70587130ea.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10105,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,3,'Online game addiction among adolescents: Motivation and prevention factors','Xu, Z., Turel, O., Yuan, Y.','Xu2012','321-340','Online game addiction has become a common phenomenon that affects many individuals and societies. In this study we rely on the functionalist perspective of human behavior and propose and test a balanced model of the antecedents of online game addiction among adolescents, which simultaneously focuses on motivating, and prevention and harm reduction forces. First, a sample of 163 adolescents was used for validating and refining a survey instrument. Second, survey data collected from 623 adolescents were analyzed with Partial Least Squares techniques. The findings point to several functional needs (e.g., need for relationship and need for escapism) that drive online game playing and addiction, as well as to several prevention and harm reduction factors (e.g., education, attention switching activities) that reduce game playing time and alleviate online game addiction. The effects of motivation and prevention factors on online game addiction are often partially mediated by online game playing. Implications for research and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/22/Xu2012OnlinegameaddictionEJIS.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10106,'European Journal of Information Systems',2012,21,3,'Towards an understanding of assimilation in virtual worlds: The 3C approach','Schwarz, A., Schwarz, C., Jung, Y., Pérez, B., Wiley-Patton, S.','Schwarz2012','303-320','Virtual worlds are increasing in importance as more multi-national firms are investing heavily in these emerging communities. Although much excitement has surrounded the idea of virtual worlds, a gap exists between those who register and those who engage in virtual worlds. Our analysis of the gap between those who merely register to join a virtual world and those who ultimately engage the community on a regular basis derives from a lack of assimilation. We present the 3C approach, a high-level theoretical framework delineating the relationship between three classes of factors (namely the technology class of factors; the community class of factors; and the user class of factors) that we posit explain virtual world assimilation and employ theories to represent these classes of factors and the interaction between them. After discussing and integrating these three classes of factors, we test our model through a study of 223 new users of Second Life. The results provide empirical support for the 3C framework; specifically, our analysis indicates that the technology and community classes of factors in exert a direct influence upon a user\'s attitude towards the virtual world, and this relationship is moderated by the user class of factors.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/schwarz2011.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10110,'European Journal of Information Systems',2010,19,5,'Do organisational and environmental factors moderate the effects of Internet-based interorganisational systems on firm performance','Ismail Sila','Sila2010','581-600','We developed a model of the relationships among several organisational, interorganisational and technological factors, the adoption of Internet-based interorganisational systems (IBIS) and various measures of firm performance. We used structural equation modelling to empirically test these relationships. The findings showed that adopting IBIS indirectly improves the operational performance of firms through business process performance. The positive effect on financial performance of adopting IBIS is not direct, but through the mediating effects of operational performance and business process performance. We also utilised multiple group analysis to test some of the model relationships across firms using several organisational and environmental factors as moderators. The organisational factors tested are firm type, age and ownership type. The environmental factors consisted of dynamism, complexity and hostility. We found that the organisational factors are significant moderators and that complexity and hostility are not significant moderators. However, the effects of dynamism as a moderator are less clear. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/1445341355-ejis_publication.pdf',NULL,''),(10111,'European Journal of Information Systems',2010,19,1,'The effects of infrastructure and policy on e-business in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa','Okoli, C., Mbarika, V.W.A., McCoy, S.','Okoli2010','5-20','This study investigates experts\' assessments of the pertinent factors affecting e-business in developing countries from a theory-based national infrastructure perspective. We surveyed experts (business people, academicians, and officials of governmental and non-governmental organizations) in e-business in Latin America (LA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Our partial least squares analysis shows that experts believed that policies targeted specifically toward e-business are important in affecting e-business capabilities and in obtaining value from e-business, more so than non-specific general information and communication technologies (ICT) policies, which are not significantly influential. ICT infrastructure generally affects e-business capabilities, though this was not found to be the case in Brazil. Experts believed that national government institutions positively affect e-business value in SSA, but not in LA. Experts did not believe that commercial infrastructure significantly affects e-business value. This study theoretically and empirically distinguishes between two different dimensions of e-business outcomes: specific capabilities and value derived from e-business. It operationalizes the effects of national government institutions and commercial infrastructure on e-business outcomes and empirically tests for their effects. The study provides empirical support for conceptual arguments for the need of ICT policies specific to the needs of e-business.© 2010 Operational Research Society Ltd. All rights reserved.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/okoli2010.pdf',NULL,''),(10112,'European Journal of Information Systems',2009,18,6,'Consumer acceptance of RFID-enabled services: A model of multiple attitudes, perceived system characteristics and individual traits','Pramatari, K., Theotokis, A.','Pramatari2009','541-552','The introduction of emerging technologies in retailing and their infusion in the service encounter necessitates research to better understand consumer attitudes towards the usage of technology in service delivery systems. The capability of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to automatically and uniquely identify products makes this technology promising as an enabler of innovative consumer services. However there is limited research on how consumers perceive the RFID-enabled service systems. The authors develop and empirically test a model that focuses on consumer attitudes towards technology-based services. Based on the pre-prototype user acceptance framework and using RFID as a focal technology, the proposed model includes a hierarchy of three distinct consumer attitudes: towards the general service concept, towards the general technology-based service application and towards the RFID-enabled service. Perceived system characteristics as well as personality traits are included in the model. The partial least squares method of structural equation modelling is used to analyse 575 questionnaires collected in two consumer surveys in Greece (n¼173) and Ireland (N¼402). The results of the study show that consumer attitude towards RFID-enabled services in retailing can be modelled as a confluence of multiple attitudes. The results also indicate that perceived system-related factors ? such as performance and effort expectancy ? as well as individual traits ? such as technology anxiety and information privacy concern ? affect consumer attitude towards technologybased and RFID-enabled services, respectively.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/pramatari2009.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10113,'European Journal of Information Systems',2009,18,3,'Understanding online customer repurchasing intention and the mediating role of trust- An empirical investigation in two developed countries','Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Ramsey, E., McCole, P., Ibbotson, P., Compeau, D.','Qureshi2009','205-222','Although e-commerce adoption and customers\' initial purchasing behavior\\nhave been well studied in the literature, repeat purchase intention and\\nits antecedents remain understudied. This study proposes a model to\\nunderstand the extent to which trust mediates the effects of\\nvendor-specific factors on customers\' intention to repurchase from an\\nonline vendor. The model was tested and validated in two different\\ncountry settings. We found that trust fully mediates the relationships\\nbetween perceived reputation, perceived capability of order fulfillment,\\nand repurchasing intention, and partially mediates the relationship\\nbetween perceived website quality and repurchasing intention in both\\ncountries. Moreover, multi-group analysis reveals no significant\\nbetween-country differences of the model with regards to the antecedents\\nand outcomes of trust, except the effect of reputation on trust.\\nAcademic and practical implications and future research are discussed.\\nEuropean Journal of Information Systems (2009) 18, 205-222. doi:\\n10.1057/ejis.2009.15; published online 7 July 2009',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/qureshi2009.pdf',NULL,''),(10114,'European Journal of Information Systems',2009,18,2,'Threat or coping appraisal: Determinants of SMB executives? decision to adopt anti-malware software','Lee, Y., Larsen, K.R.','Lee2009','177-187','This study presents an empirical investigation of factors affecting small- and medium-sized business (SMB) executives? decision to adopt anti-malware software for their organizations. A research model was developed by adopting and expanding the protection motivation theory from health psychology, which has successfully been used to investigate the effect of threat and coping appraisal on protective actions. A questionnaire-based field survey with 239 U.S. SMB executives was conducted, and the data were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS). This study demonstrates that threat and coping appraisal successfully predict SMB executives? anti-malware software adoption intention, leading to SMB adoption. In addition, considerable variance in adoption intention and actual SMB adoption is addressed by social influence from key stakeholders and situation-specific variables, such as IT budget and vendor support. Further, the generalizability of the model was tested using industry type and IS expertise. The adoption intention of IS experts and IT intensive industries was mainly affected by threat appraisal and social influence, while that of non-IS experts and non-IT intensive industries was significantly influenced by coping appraisal and IT budget. Vendor support was a key facilitator of the anti-malware adoption for IS experts and IT intensive industry groups, while IT budget was for non-IS expert and non-IT intensive industry groups. Key implications for theory and practice are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/LeeandLarsenEJIS2009.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10115,'European Journal of Information Systems',2009,18,1,'Information infrastructure, governance, and socio-economic development in developing countries','Meso, P., Musa, P., Straub, D., Mbarika, V.','Meso2009','52-65','OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs and health effects of tuberculosis control interventions in Africa and South East Asia in the context of the millennium development goals. DESIGN: Cost effectiveness analysis based on an epidemiological model. SETTING: Analyses undertaken for two regions classified by WHO according to their epidemiological grouping-Afr-E, countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality, and Sear-D, countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality. DATA SOURCES: Published studies, costing databases, expert opinion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted in 2000 international dollars (dollarsInt). RESULTS: Treatment of new cases of smear-positive tuberculosis in DOTS programmes cost dollarsInt6-8 per DALY averted in Afr-E and dollarsInt7 per DALY averted in Sear-D at coverage levels of 50-95%. In Afr-E, adding treatment of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases at a coverage level of 95% cost dollarsInt95 per DALY averted; the addition of DOTS-Plus treatment for multidrug resistant cases cost dollarsInt123. In Sear-D, these costs were dollarsInt52 and dollarsInt226, respectively. The full combination of interventions could reduce prevalence and mortality by over 50% in Sear-D between 1990 and 2010, and by almost 50% between 2000 and 2010 in Afr-E. CONCLUSIONS: DOTS treatment of new smear-positive cases is the first priority in tuberculosis control, including in countries with high HIV prevalence. DOTS treatment of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases and DOTS-Plus treatment of multidrug resistant cases are also highly cost effective. To achieve the millennium development goal for tuberculosis control, substantial extra investment is needed to increase case finding and implement interventions on a wider scale.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/2009EJIS_InformationInfrastructureinDevCountries.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10116,'European Journal of Information Systems',2009,18,1,'When users are IT experts too: The effects of joint IT competence and partnership on satisfaction with enterprise-level systems implementation','Davis, J.M., Kettinger, W.J., Kunev, D.G.','Davis2009','26-37','The article discusses the effects of joint information technology (IT) competence and partnership on satisfaction with enterprise-level information systems (IS) implementation. It states that IS are fundamental to business. However, implementing large-scale systems is a complex and risky matter. It explores on how IT competence held by both the IS department and the user department stakeholders contributes to user satisfaction. It explains the benefits of a partner-based leadership between the IS division and stakeholders for the entity\'s success.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/DavisetalEJIS2009.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10118,'European Journal of Information Systems',2008,17,1,'The role of perceived enjoyment and social norm in the adoption of technology with network externalities','Dickinger, A., Arami, M., Meyer, D.','Dickinger2008','4-11','The emergence of highly interactive media and the increased connectivity among people call for an investigation of usage behaviour of those media. People tend to rely heavily on peer-to-peer interaction influencing the adoption of new media formats that enhance this interactivity. The first explorative phase of this research consists of interviews with experts and focus groups and builds the basis of the proposed framework and measurement model. Then, a Structural Equation Modelling approach is used to assess the relative importance and the strength between different constructs, including perceived enjoyment, social norm, usefulness, ease of use and intention to use. The results indicate that perceived enjoyment and social norm are important antecedents for the adoption of technology with network externalities. European Journal of Information Systems (2008) 17, 4?11.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/dickinger2008.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10119,'European Journal of Information Systems',2007,16,4,'Charismatic leadership and user acceptance of information technology','Neufeld, D.J., Dong, L., Higgins, C.','Neufeld2007','494-510','Although there is widespread agreement that leadership has important effects on information technology (IT) acceptance and use, relatively little empirical research to date has explored this phenomenon in detail. This paper integrates the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with charismatic leadership theory, and examines the role of project champions influencing user adoption. PLS analysis of survey data collected from 209 employees in seven organizations that had engaged in a large-scale IT implementation revealed that project champion charisma was positively associated with increased performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating condition perceptions of users. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research in this area are provided. European',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/2007neufelddonghigginsejis07charismaticleadershipanduseracceptanceofinfo_ned1nJp.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10120,'European Journal of Information Systems',2007,16,3,'An investigation into the factors influencing the adoption of B2B trading exchanges in small businesses','Quaddus, M., Hofmeyer, G.','Quaddus2007','202-215','Small businesses, in general, play dominant roles in terms of employment generation and share in total business activities. However, studies have shown that small businesses are also slow in their uptake of modern technologies including electronic commerce. This paper presents the result of an empirical study that investigates the adoption behaviour of small businesses in relation to business-to-business (B2B) trading exchanges in the context of Western Australia. Following extensive literature review on innovation adoption diffusion theories and qualitative field study, a research model was developed which treated six sets of antecedents of small business\'s attitude towards B2B trading exchanges. The findings revealed that external influences raise the small business\'s awareness of an innovation. This awareness leads to the evaluation of the perceived direct and indirect benefits and a positive evaluation leads to a positive attitude towards the innovation. The results confirmed that a positive attitude towards B2B trading exchanges leads to the intention to adopt B2B trading exchanges in small businesses. The findings also confirm that external, belief, contextual and control factors drive the attitude towards B2B trading exchanges. Implications of the results are highlighted.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/quaddus.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10121,'European Journal of Information Systems',2007,16,3,'Perceived critical mass and the adoption of a communication technology','Van Slyke, C., Ilie, V., Lou, H., Stafford, T.','Van Slyke2007','270-283','Induced by the widespread use of social software in personal contexts, companies wish to profit from its advantages. Owing to limited IT budgets and the need to justify investments in such systems, it is important to assess the benefits of employing social software in the corporate context. In this paper, we propose conceptual models for assessing the success of two specific types of social software: wikis and weblogs. These conceptual models are based on the DeLone and McLean IS Success Model as well as on an extensive review of social software literature. The two resulting models form the foundation for future empirical work in this area.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/10.1057palgrave.ejis.3000680.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10122,'European Journal of Information Systems',2006,15,4,'Privacy calculus model in e-commerce - A study of Italy and the United States','Dinev, T., Bellotto, M., Hart, P., Russo, V., Serra, I., Colautti, C.','Dinev2006','389-402','This study examines cross-cultural differences beliefs related to e-commerce use for Italy and the United States. We argue that for both cultures, the user?s decision to make an online purchase is simultaneously influenced by a set of contrary factors. These include decision facilitators such as propensity to trust and institutional trust, and decision inhibitors such as perceived risk and privacy concerns. We argue that substantial cultural differences exist that affect the above factors and the relationships among them. We use Hofstede?s cultural theory and Fukuyama?s theory of trust and social capital, along with emic factors important for the Italian society, to develop the study?s propositions. The hypotheses were empirically tested using LISREL structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis. The results revealed that the Italian society exhibited lower propensity to trust, institutional trust, privacy concerns, and higher perceived risk. The relationships between institutional trust and ecommerce use, privacy concerns and e-commerce use, and perceived risk and institutional trust are all weaker for Italy. The relationship between perceived risk and privacy concerns is stronger for Italy. The paper?s major contribution is in validating an important model of e-commerce use across two cultures and showing the moderating effects of culture.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/96d9fd9d32d05ef8487b6ab5a4f984a43eb7.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10123,'European Journal of Information Systems',2005,14,4,'User involvement and user satisfaction with information-seeking activity','Santosa, P.I., Wei, K.K., Chan, H.C.','Santosa2005','361-370','This paper presents the result of an empirical study that investigates user involvement and user satisfaction in the context of information-seeking activity. This study adopts the definition of user involvement as the psychological state of the importance and personal relevance that users attach to a given system. Following Celsi and Olson, intrinsic and situational motivators were considered as two antecedents of user involvement. These two types of motivator were treated as formative exogenous variables, while user involvement and user satisfaction were treated as reflective mediating endogenous variable and final endogenous variable, respectively. Five hypotheses were proposed, and all were supported by the data from a laboratory experiment. This paper also reports two other interesting findings. First, intrinsic motivators have a stronger positive effect on user involvement than situational motivators have. Second, situational motivators have a stronger positive effect on user satisfaction than intrinsic motivators have. The discussion part explains these interesting findings.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/Santosa_User_Involvement_and_User_Satisfaction_with_Information-seeking_Activity.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10124,'European Journal of Information Systems',2005,14,2,'Investigating enterprise systems adoption: Uncertainty avoidance, intrinsic motivation, and the technology acceptance model','Hwang, Y.','Hwang2005','150-161','Enterprise systems are gaining interest from both practitioners and researchers because of their potential linkages to organizational and individual user\'s productivity. Information systems (IS) researchers have been investigating the implementation and adoption issues of enterprise systems based on the organizational IS management perspectives. However, there are few papers that investigate enterprise systems management and implementation issues based on the informal control mechanisms, although the enterprise systems are control tools in the organization. Specifically, this paper applies Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) adoption and implementation to the informal controls, such as cultural control and self-control, which can be viewed as a tacit perspective in knowledge management. Uncertainty avoidance and perceived enjoyment are used as informal controls in the ERP implementation in this paper, and are linked to the technology acceptance variables to investigate the relationships among them. Sociotechnical design, organiza-tional control mechanism, knowledge management, and individual motivation are reviewed to support this potential linkage in the model. Field data via the online survey of ERP systems user group (n ¼ 101) are analyzed with partial least squares and supported our hypotheses. Uncertainty avoidance cultural control and intrinsic motivation as self-control are the important antecedents of ERP systems adoption. Furthermore, the result helps the systems manager understand that informal controls should be applied to the ERP systems implementation to enhance tacit and social aspects of IS management.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/e7d8be0e8e5f7306a713c94ec8213794dd9e.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10128,'Information Systems Research',2013,24,2,'Multicommunicating: Juggling multiple conversations in the workplace','Cameron, A.-F., Webster, J.','Cameron2013','352-371','As a result of newer communication technologies and an increase in virtual communication, employees often find themselves multicommunicating, or participating in multiple conversations at the same time. This research seeks to explore multicommunicating from the perspective of the person juggling multiple conversations at the same time-the focal individual. To better understand this phenomenon, we extend previous theorizing by including the concepts of the episode initiator (whether the second conversation was focal or partner initiated), the fit of the set of media used in the episode, one process gain (conversation leveraging), and process losses. Employing a series of pilot studies and a main study, the resulting model was analyzed using structural equation modeling, finding overall support for the model. Findings suggest that experienced intensity is an important factor influencing process losses experienced during multicommunicating, whereas episode initiator influences process losses and the process gain. Further, media fit moderates the relationship between intensity and process losses. The importance of multicommunicating in the workplace is discussed, the theoretical and practical contributions of this research are described, and limitations and suggestions for future research are outlined.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/document2.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10129,'Information Systems Research',2012,23,1,'Online users\' switching costs: Their nature and formation','Ray, S., Kim, S.S., Morris, J.G.','Ray2012','197-213','The highly competitive and rapidly changing market for online services is becoming increasingly effective Tat locking users in through the coercive effects of switching costs. Although the information systems field increasingly recognizes that switching costs plays a big part in enforcing loyalty, little is known about what factors users regard as switching costs or why they perceive these costs. Consequently, it is hard for online services to know what lock-in strategies to use and when to apply them. We address this problem by first developing a theory-driven structure of online users\' perceived switching costs that distinguishes between vendor-related and user-related factors. We then propose that important antecedent influences on switching costs from economic value, technical self-efficacy, and past investments are more complex and intertwined than previously thought. We empirically validated the proposed model using data collected from home users of Internet service providers. Our findings demonstrate that an online service\'s economic value more heavily influences users\' perceptions of vendor-related switching costs than does technical self-efficacy. However, users\' technical abilities outweigh economic value in influencing user-related switching costs. Furthermore, although we confirmed the commonly held notion that deeply invested users are generally more vulnerable to lock- in, we also found that this relationship is contingent on users\' technical abilities. Finally, we found that our multidimensional measure of switching costs is a valid predictor of user loyalty and is more powerful than previous global measures. Overall, this study uncovered a finer network of switching-cost production than had been previously established and suggests a new approach to modeling and exploiting online users\' perceived switching costs. © 2012 INFORMS.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/document1.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10130,'Information Systems Research',2010,21,4,'The role of organizational controls and boundary spanning in software development outsourcing: Implications for project performance','Gopal, A., Gosain, S.','Gopal2010','960-982','Past research has studied how the selection and use of control portfolios in software projects is based on environmental and task characteristics. However, little research has examined the consequences of control mode choices on project performance. This paper reports on a study that addresses this issue in the context of outsourced software projects. In addition, we propose that boundary-spanning activities between the vendor and the client enable knowledge sharing across organizational and knowledge domain boundaries. This is expected to lead to facilitation of control through specific incentives and performance norms that are suited to client needs as well as the vendor context. Therefore, we argue that boundary spanning between the vendor and client moderates the relationship between formal controls instituted by the vendor on the development team and project performance. We also hypothesize the effect of collaboration as a clan control on project performance. We examine project performance in terms of software quality and project efficiency. The research model is empirically tested in the Indian software industry setting on a sample of 96 projects. The results suggest that formal and informal control modes have a significant impact on software project outcomes, but need to be finely tuned and directed toward appropriate objectives. In addition, boundary-spanning activities significantly improve the effectiveness of formal controls. Finally, we find that collaborative culture has provided mixed benefits by enhancing quality but reducing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/Research_Note_-The_Role_of_Organizational_Controls.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10131,'Information Systems Research',2010,21,4,'Applying the randomized response technique to elicit truthful responses to sensitive questions in is research: The case of software piracy behavior','Kwan, S.S.K., So, M.K.P., Tam, K.Y.','Kwan2010','941-959','Research on software piracy often relies on self-reports by individual users and thus suffers from possible response distortion attributable to variety of human motivations. Conclusions drawn directly from distorted self-reports may misguide managerial and policy decisions. The randomized response technique (RRT) was proposed as a remedy to response distortion. In this paper, a model based on RRT was used to illustrate how truthful responses to sensitive questions can be empirically estimated. The model was tested in two empir- ical studies on software piracy. Consistent with our expectations, respondents responding to RRT were more willing to disclose sensitive information about their attitudes, intentions, and behaviors on software piracy. Nontrivial distortions were demonstrated in causal relationships involving sensitive and nonsensitive variables. The study extends RRT to multivariate analysis and illustrates the feasibility and usefulness of the method in studying sensitive behavioral issues in the information systems (IS) domain.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/document_FrAy6I9.pdf',NULL,''),(10133,'Information Systems Research',2008,19,4,'The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and validation','Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B.S., Tu, Q.','Ragu-Nathan2008','417-433','The research reported in this paper studies the phenomenon of technostress, that is, stress experienced by end users of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and examines its influence on their job satisfaction, commitment to the organization, and intention to stay. Drawing from the Transaction-Based Model of stress and prior research on the effects of ICTs on end users, we first conceptually build a nomological net for technostress to understand the influence of technostress on three variables relating to end users of ICTs: job satisfaction, and organizational and continuance commitment. Because there are no prior instruments to measure constructs related to technostress, we develop and empirically validate two second order constructs: technostress creators (i.e., factors that create stress from the use of ICTs) and technostress inhibitors (i.e., organizational mechanisms that reduce stress from the use of ICTs). We test our conceptual model using data from the responses of 608 end users of ICTs from multiple organizations to a survey questionnaire. Our results, based on structural equation modeling (SEM), show that technostress creators decrease job satisfaction, leading to decreased organizational and continuance commitment, while Technostress inhibitors increase job satisfaction and organizational and continuance commitment. We also find that age, gender, education, and computer confidence influence technostress. The implications of these results and future research directions are discussed.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/The_Consequences_of_Technostress_for_End_Users_in_.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10135,'Information Systems Research',2006,17,1,'An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions','Dinev, T., Hart, P.','Dinev2006','61-80','While privacy is a highly cherished value, few would argue with the notion that absolute privacy is unattainable. Individuals make choices in which they surrender a certain degree of privacy in exchange for outcomes that are perceived to be worth the risk of information disclosure. This research attempts to better understand the delicate balance between privacy risk beliefs and confidence and enticement beliefs that influence the intention to provide personal information necessary to conduct transactions on the Internet. A theoretical model that incorporated contrary factors representing elements of a privacy calculus was tested using data gathered from 369 respondents. Structural equations modeling (SEM) using LISREL validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results suggest that although Internet privacy concerns inhibit e-commerce transactions, the cumulative influence of Internet trust and personal Internet interest are important factors that can outweigh privacy risk perceptions in the decision to disclose personal information when an individual uses the Internet. These findings provide empirical support for an extended privacy calculus model.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/DinevHart2006_ISR17_1_PrivacyCalculus.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10136,'Information Systems Research',2005,16,4,'Two competing perspectives on automatic use: A theoretical and empirical comparison','Kim, S.S., Malhotra, N.K., Narasimhan, S.','Kim2005','418-432','Although much research has examined conscious use, which involves deliberate evaluation and decision making, we know less about automatic use, which occurs spontaneously with little conscious effort. The objective of this study is to compare two contrasting views in the literature on the nature of automatic use, namely, the habit/automaticity perspective (HAP) and the instant activation perspective (JAP). According to HAP, automatic use occurs because of the force of habit/automaticity without the formation of evaluations and intention; thus, past use-which is a proxy for habit/automaticity-is believed to weaken the evaluations-intention-usage relationship. In contrast, JAP posits that automatic use is simply an expedited form of conscious use; accordingly, as with conscious use, automatic use is still a function of evaluations/intention, so past use will not weaken the evaluations-intention-usage relationship. We tested the competing hypotheses using 2,075 cross-sectional and 990 longitudinal responses from actual users of two online news sites. Our results show that the evaluations-intention-usage relationship is generally weaker among heavier users than among lighter users. These findings suggest that with an increase in past use, user behavior becomes less evaluative and less intentional, in support of the argument that automatic use is driven more by habit/automaticity than by instant activation of cognitions. Overall, this research shows an initial piece of evidence of the moderating role of past use in postadoption phenomena, and it is expected to help the information systems community systematically investigate the important yet underexplored subject of habit/automaticity.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/kim2005.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10137,'Information Systems Research',2005,16,1,'Post-adoption variations in usage and value of e-business by organizations: Cross-country evidence from the retail industry','Zhu, K., Kraemer, K.L.','Zhu2005','61-84','Grounded in the innovation diffusion literature and the resource-based theory, this paper develops an integrative research model for assessing the diffusion and consequence of e-business at the firm level. Unlike the typical focus on adoption as found in the literature, we focus on postadoption stages, that is, actual usage and value creation. The model thus moves beyond dichotomous ?adoption versus nonadoption? and accounts for the ?missing link??actual usage?as a critical stage of value creation. The model links technological, organizational, and environmental factors to e-business use and value, based on which a series of hypotheses are developed. The theoretical model is tested by using structural equation modeling on a dataset of 624 firms across 10 countries in the retail industry. To probe deeper into whether e-business use and value are influenced by economic environments, two subsamples from developed and developing countries are compared. The study finds that technology competence, firm size, fi...',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/e14b393057647794e1e072b9ea4d87db2344.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10138,'Information Systems Research',2004,15,4,'Internet users\' information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model','Malhotra, N.K., Kim, S.S., Agarwal, J.','Malhotra2004','336-355','The lack of consumer confidence in information privacy has been identified as a major problem hampering the J. growth of e-commerce. Despite the importance of understanding the nature of online consumers\' concerns for information privacy, this topic has received little attention in the information systems community. To fill the gap in the literature, this article focuses on three distinct, yet closely related, issues. First, drawing on social contract theory, we offer a theoretical framework on the dimensionality of Internet users\' information privacy concerns (IUIPC). Second, we attempt to operationalize the multidimensional notion of IUIPC using a second-order construct, and we develop a scale for it. Third, we propose and test a causal model on the relationship between IUIPC and behavioral intention toward releasing personal information at the request of a marketer. We conducted two separate field surveys and collected data from 742 household respondents in one-on-one, face-to-face interviews. The results of this study indicate that the second-order IUIPC factor, which consists of three first-order dimensions-namely, collection, control, and awareness-exhibited desirable psychometric properties in the context of online privacy. In addition, we found that the causal model centering on IUIPC fits the data satisfactorily and explains a large amount of variance in behavioral intention, suggesting that the proposed model will serve as a useful tool for analyzing online consumers\' reactions to various privacy threats on the Internet.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/Agarwal_Internet_Users_Information_Privacy_Concerns_2004_postprint.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10139,'Information Systems Research',2004,15,2,'Impact of environmental uncertainty and task characteristics on user satisfaction with data','Karimi, J., Somers, T.M., Gupta, Y.P.','Karimi2004','175-193+211','Today, more than ever before, organizations are faced with the task of processing volumes of information under more uncertain and more competitive environments. This study investigates the impact of environmental uncertainty and task characteristics on user satisfaction with data by using IS and organizational theories. Responses were matched from 77 CEOs and 166 senior managers, who were end users of IS. The partial least squares technique indicated that environmental uncertainty has a positive impact on task characteristics. Task characteristics have a direct and mediating impact on user satisfaction with data. Our findings also demonstrated that user satisfaction with data could be better understood by overlapping IS and organizational theories, rather than by treating the subject matter in disjoint fields. The paper concludes with discussions and implications for researchers and practitioners.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/Impact_of_environmental_uncertainty_and.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10141,'Information Systems Research',2003,14,4,'The Influence of Business Managers\' IT Competence on Championing IT','Bassellier, G., Benbasat, I., Reich, B.H.','Bassellier2003','317-336','With the increased importance of IT in organizations, business managers are now expected to show stronger leadership in regard to its deployment of IT in organizations. This requires greater focus on their capability to understand and use IT resources effectively. This paper explores the concept of IT competence of business managers as a contributor to their intention to champion IT within their organizations. Based on the knowledge literature, IT competence is defined as ? the set of IT-related knowledge and experience that a business manager possesses.?The relationship between IT knowledge, IT experience, and championing IT is tested empirically using Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL. Four hundred and four business managers from two large insurance organizations were surveyed. Specific areas of IT knowledge and IT experience were first identified and the first half of the data set was utilized to assess the measurement properties of the instrument in a confirmatory analysis. The contribution of IT knowledge and IT experience to their intention to champion IT was assessed using the second half of the data set. The results show that IT knowledge and IT experience together explain 34% of the variance in managers\' intentions to champion IT. Recommendations are given as to how organizations can enhance their business managers IT knowledge and experience to achieve stronger IT leadership from line people.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/bassellier2003.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10143,'Information Systems Research',2003,14,2,'Developing and validating an observational learning model of computer software training and skill acquisition','Yi, M.Y., Davis, F.D.','Yi2003','146-169+219','Computer skills are key to organizational performance, and past research indicates that behavior modeling is a highly effective form of computer skill training. The present research develops and tests a new theoretical model of the underlying observational learning processes by which modeling-based training interventions influence computer task performance. Observational learning processes are represented as a second-order construct with four dimensions (attention, retention, production, and motivation). New measures for these dimensions were developed and shown to have strong psychometric properties. The proposed model controls for two pretraining individual differences (motivation to learn and self-efficacy) and specifies the relationships among three training outcomes (declarative knowledge, post-training self-efficacy, and task performance). The model was tested using PLS on data from an experiment (N = 95) on computer spreadsheet training. As hypothesized, observational learning processes significantly influenced training outcomes. A representative modeling-based training intervention (retention enhancement) significantly improved task performance through its specific effects on the retention processes dimension of observational learning. The new model provides a more complete theoretical account of the mechanisms by which modeling-based interventions affect training outcomes, which should enable future research to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of a wide range of modeling-based training interventions. Further, the new instruments can be used by practitioners to refine ongoing training programs.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/YiDavis2003_ISR14_2_DevelopValidatObservationLearningModelSWTrainSkillAcq.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10144,'Information Systems Research',2002,13,1,'Research report: Better theory through measurement - Developing a scale to capture consensus on appropriation','Salisbury, Wm.D., Chin, W.W., Gopal, A., Newsted, P.R.','Salisbury2002','91-103','Proper measurement is critical to the advancement of theory (Blalock 1979). Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) is rapidly becoming an important theoretical paradigm for comprehending the impacts of advanced information technologies (DeSanctis and Poole 1994). Intended as a complement to the faithfulness of appropriation scale developed by Chin et al. (1997), this research note describes the development of an instrument to capture the AST construct of consensus on appropriation. Consensus on appropriation (COA) is the extent to which group participants perceive that they have agreed on how to adopt and use a technology. While consensus on appropriation is an important component of AST, no scale is currently available to capture this construct. This research note develops a COA instrument in the context of electronic meeting systems use. Initial item development, statistical analyses, and validity assessment (convergent, discriminant, and nomological) are described here in detail. The contribution of this effort is twofold: First, a scale is provided for an important construct from AST. Second, this report serves as an example of rigorous scale development using structural equation modeling. Employing rigorous procedures in the development of instruments to capture AST constructs is critical if the sound theoretical base provided by AST is to be fully exploited in understanding phenomena related to the use of advanced information technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Information Systems Research is the property of INFORMS: Institute for Operations Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder\'s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/salisbury2002.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10145,'Information Systems Research',2001,12,3,'Research Report: Empirical Test of an EDI Adoption Model','Chwelos, P., Benbasat, I., Dexter, A.S.','Chwelos2001','304-321','This paper is the first test of a parsimonious model that posits three factors as determinants of the adoption of electronic data interchange (EDI): readiness, perceived benefits, and external pressure. To construct the model, we identified and organized the factors that were found to be influential in prior EDI research. By testing all these factors together in one model, we are able to investigate their relative contributions to EDI adoption decisions. Senior purchasing managers, chosen for their experience with EDI and proximity to the EDI adoption decision, were surveyed and their responses analyzed using structural equation modeling. All three determinants were found to be significant predictors of intent to adopt EDI, with external pressure and readiness being considerably more important than perceived benefits. We show that the constructs in this model can be categorized into three levels: technological, organizational, and interorganizational. We hypothesize that these categories of influence will also be determinants of the adoption of other emerging forms of interorganizational systems (IOS).',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/chwelos2001.pdf',NULL,NULL),(10146,'Information Systems Research',2000,11,4,'Research Report: The Evolving Relationship between General and Specific Computer Self-Efficacy - An Empirical Assessment','Agarwal, R., Sambamurthy, V., Stair, R.M.','Agarwal2000','418-430','The concept of computer self-efficacy (CSE) recently has been proposed as important to the study of individual behavior toward information technology. This paper extends current understanding about the concept of self-efficacy in the context of computer software. We describe how two broad types of computer self-efficacy beliefs, general self-efficacy and taskspecific self-efficacy, are constructed across different computing tasks by suggesting that initial general CSE beliefs will strongly predict subsequent specific CSE beliefs. The theorized causal relationships illustrate the malleability and development of CSE beliefs over time, within a training environment where individuals are progressively provided with greater opportunity for hands-on experience and practice with different software. Consistent with the findings of prior research, judgments of self-efficacy then serve as key antecedents of the perceived cognitive effort (ease of use) associated with technology usage. Further, we theorize that selfefficacy judgments in the task domain of computing are strongly influenced by the extent to which individuals believe that they are personally innovative with respect to information technology. Panel data were collected using a longitudinal research design within a training context where 186subjects were taught two software packages in a sequential manner over a 14-week period. The emergent patterns of the hypothesized relationships are examined using structural equation modeling techniques. Results largely support the relationships posited.',1,1,'pdfs/2018/08/21/document.pdf',NULL,NULL),