Organizational impact, which is the final dependent variable in our model. We include measures such as quality improvement, cost reduction, and competitive advantage in this success dimension (Sabherwal, 1999). Although the difficulty of measuring the organizational impact of individual IS initiatives has been discussed and demonstrated by many researchers (e.g., Gelderman, 1998; Goodhue and Thompson, 1995), we believe that utilizing an employee portal has an organizational impact in addition to an individual impact on the user level and should therefore be accounted for.